社會資本理論與研究2015/9
授課時間：星期二下午13：00-16：00
授課教師：熊瑞梅
課程簡介：
社會資本研究在2000年以來，影響了社會學、政治學與傳播學甚遠。在社會學的部分社會資本成為教育學習成就、勞力市場、經濟行動與創新等研究的主要理論觀點。在政治學從Putnam的美國社團參與的社會資本下降的論述後，社會資本觀點已成為研究市民參與的主要觀點。近年來許多社會資本研究者投入網路世界社會關係的研究，特別是email and facebook等互動行為的研究。社會資本的理論與概念快速普及地應用在各個專業領域中，也因此造成社會資本理論與研究整合的問題。林南教授2001年社會資本──關於社會結構與行動的理論(Social Capital—A Theory of Social Structure and Action)一書出版後，社會資本理論與與概念測量的明確化才出現，且後續多本社會資本的書籍出現，讓以Position-generator為主體的社會資本理論與研究相繼出版。本書將首先以位置網絡為主的相關書籍與論文成果為導讀討論的教材，性別與族群在社會資本的形成與建構的機制，及社會資本在跨文化的比較研究中的理論與分析都是這堂課會延伸的導讀教材。
以林南的position generator為主的社會資本理論強調的社會資本是人們日常生活接觸的網絡所儲存的社會資源，及其在工具性（找工作與地位取得）和情感性行動（心理健康與社會支持）目標的達成效用。但社會資本理論從社會學大師James Coleman及政治學家Rober Putnam的觀點，社會資本是社會網絡與信任規範的建立。故有一群荷蘭與史丹佛的社會學家，則將社會資本的研究重點放在社會網絡資本與信任理論與研究上。故，這門課也將介紹以社會網絡資本和信任的機制相關理論與研究的文獻進行導讀，社會資本與信任的理論與研究影響經濟學家和管理學者甚大，特
別是在物聯網的時代，人們經常與陌生人進行經濟交易，或在網路上進行政治影響力的感染和動員。
此外，社會資本理論與研究過去林南對Putnam and Coleman的批判，強調其理論過度從宏觀層次發展的理論和概念，但林南理論又太強調個人層次的社會資本。荷蘭社會網絡與社會資本學者注意社區、鄰里和空間的社會資本觸及網絡的機會結構，及其在社會資本的觸及機會和效應。鄰里的社會資本和教育、勞力市場與犯罪和心理健康都是有關連的。故第三部分的文獻將放在空間、鄰里與社會資本的文獻導讀上。
在大型網絡的世界中，社會網絡資本使用傳統的位置網絡社會資源和信任規範來解釋，似乎是不足的。故小世界網絡和社會資本的理論與研究討論便成為一個新興的議題。傳播學者也大量地受社會資本理論與研究方法的影響，特別是Wellman教授的社會資本理論對傳播學者影響甚大。
課程目標：
1、探討社會資本的理論概念爭議，其次探討社會資本在經驗研究上的發展；最後則是要學生使用相關資料，從事社會資本經驗研究資料分析工作。
2、從多重理論來探討社會資本：有強調社會整合凝聚力(bonding)機制的社會網絡收斂、來回性的信任規範與社會控制機制，例如：James Coleman and Robert Putnam；及強調弱聯繫和異質化網絡的社會資本理論觀點，例如：Nan Lin and Ron Burt.
3、從多層次觀點和比較觀點來透視社會資本。
4、使用調查方法與實驗方法資料進行研究分析。
社會資本理論與研究的相關議題：
社會資本的定義分歧，社會資本的理論概念主要的辯論在於社會資本究竟是一種集體資產或個人資產。所謂社會資本是指鑲嵌在社會網絡的資源。究竟如何判定社會網絡的資源成為社會資本理論和概念關鍵性的定義，以下是有關社會資本理論與研究的主要提問和應用範圍：
1、社會資本是行動者投資在社會網絡的回收或報酬，報酬累積了剩餘價值，創造了資本積累。從這個簡單的定義中衍生了許多深入細緻的理論、概念和研究的議題。這些理論包括：信任、社會資源理論、結構洞、小世界理論。
2、社會資本理論是一種理性、社會交換與選擇的行動論。社會網絡就是行動者社會交換與社會行動的結果。究竟社會網絡形成的原理有哪些？
3、社會網絡是由許多兩者間的聯繫形成，形成的原理有物以類聚的同質性(homophily)原理，也有不同類型特質行動者互通有無的互補性發揮綜效(synergy)異質化(diversification)連結原理。同質化的網絡結構形成規範和認同；異質化的網絡創造網絡擴張和衍生創新的無限可能組合──小世界網絡的可能性。
4、日常生活的社會網絡是由許多強弱不等的社會聯繫所組合而成的集合。這些網絡集合的結構特質與功能便成為社會資本理論與定義的關鍵要素。Nan Lin強調各種強弱聯繫或關係內容聯繫的異質化，或資源豐富性。Ronald Burt強調企業家網絡或管理人員網絡結構洞的橋樑位置結構特性。Coleman強調社會網絡的封閉性，或密度結構特質，所產生的社會整合功效。Bourdieu強調優勢階級文化資本與社會資本相互影響，造成階級再製。
5、社會資本對社會學的經驗研究的哪些領域產生重大影響？社會資本對教育學習、階層與勞力市場（社會資本與地位取得、學習、創新、升遷）、社團參與與市民參與、網際網路社會的研究成果與發展都快速累積，本課程擬在這些領域中不但閱讀關鍵文獻。同時，在每一個經驗研究部分，也要帶領學生使用臺灣既有的有關社會資本的調查資料，從ISSP，EASS，到臺灣社會變遷調查及社會資本調查中，可拿來進行分析的資料，在課程上進行教導如何分析。最後，希望學生期末能繳交一份使用社會資本觀點分析的報告。
6、社會資本的理論對管理學院的影響深遠，其中最重要的代表人物就是Ronald Burt。這位教授長期蒐集組織內部的社會網絡模式，發現成功的組織管理人員，其社會網絡與社會資本產生的獲利是關鍵機制。而，一個擅長將個人的社會網絡生產成有用的管理資本及效益，多半仰賴其日常生活中長期累積的直接親近網絡(immediate networks)，及這個網絡推展達成目標的網絡延伸網絡鏈的(network chains)能力。
7、同理，社會資本的研究對於網際網路的交易行為的研究也產生很大的影響。信任是社會資本，而信任又是經濟學、心理學和社會學中共同關懷的問題，也是目前電子商務(e-commerce)最重要的核心機制。在線上經濟交易的設計中如何建立信任的機制，成為社會資本實驗設計很重要的課題，許多社會學家投入進這個領域。
8、以林南領導的社會資本研究在國際上具領先地位，也出版了多本書籍（包括本人2009年編輯的書籍），林南領導的社會資本跨國研究團隊，也根據其在2004和2007年進行的美國、台灣和中國三地的社會資本調查資料，於2014年出版這本兩波資料，三國比較研究的研究成果。此外，TEPS─B釋出2010年社會調查資料，其中包括社會資本理論與研究的相關題組。參與這門課程的學生也可以使用這份調查資料進行分析，撰寫學術論文。由政大新聞學院張卿卿老師主持的傳播科技調查，也設計多項社會網絡資本與網路使用的相關題組，修課學生也可進一步使用社會資本理論來進行分析。
課程要求：
這門課是以授課、討論、與社會資本研究相關的資料分析為主要上課方式。學生在上課之前必須閱讀相關教材，並參與討論。每次上課前，學生要將指定作業寫出重點大綱，並提出你對這篇論文簡單評論。反省作者對社會資本概念、理論和方法的處理技巧。學期最後要從事社會資本資料分析，學生針對有興趣的資料庫，選定分析架構，進行分析，課堂上討論，改進，學期末再針對分析結果，配上課堂上學習到的社會資本理論概念詮釋之，交一份社會資本的資料分析報告。本課程沒有期中和期末考，期中考前，便需要開始思考期末報告的大綱及參考文獻，期中考則讓學生準備期末報告的大綱。
這門課程也會提供幾套社會資本的大型調查資料，提供學生進行分析，完成有關社會資本的期末報告，甚至可以將期末報告發展成碩博士論文。這門課程可以提供的大型調查資料包括：社會資本兩波調查資料，社會變遷1997，2007，2012年社會網絡和社會資本調查，及東亞社會資本2012年調查（南韓、日本、台灣和中國）。TEPS─B2010面訪調查資料。
課程評分方式：
上課閱讀心得（25％）課堂討論（15％），期中論文計畫大綱（20％），期末報告（40％）
Week 1 Introduction
參考書目（*是暫訂指定閱讀書單，其餘是參考書目）
Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Chapter 1. Theories of Capital: The Historical Foundation. Cambridge University Press.
Lin, Nan, K. Cook and R. S. Burt. Social Capital: Theory and Research, Hawthorn, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
3、Burt, Ronald S. 2005. Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford University Press.
4、Cook, Karen S., Chris Snijders, Vincent Buskens, and Coye Cheshire. 2009. E Trust:
Forming Relationships in the Online World. Russell Sage Foundation.
5、Burt, Ronald S., 2010. Neighbor Networks: Competitive Advantage Local and Personal. Oxford University Press.
6、Lin, N.; Fu, YC; Chen, CJ, eds. Social Capital and Its Institutional Contingency: A Study of the United States, Taiwan and China., 2013. London: Routledge.
7、Hsung, Ray-May Nan Lin, Ronald L. Breiger, eds. Contexts of Social Capital:
Social Networks in Markets, Communities, and Families, 2009, Routledge Publisher.
8、Cook, Karen S., Margaret Levi and Russell Hardin. eds. 2009. Whom Can We Trust? How Groups, Networks, and Institutions Make Trust Possible? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
9、Lin, Nan and Bonnie H. Erickson, 2010,eds. Social Capital : An International Research Program. Oxford University Press.
10、Son, Joonmo, 2013, Social Capital and Institutional Constraints: A Comparative Analysis of China, Taiwan and U.S. New York: Routledge Son, Joonmo, 2013, Social Capital and Institutional Constraints: A Comparative Analysis of China, Taiwan and U.S. New York: Routledge
Week 1 Introduction on the course design
I .Theories of Social Capital:
*Lin, Nan. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Chapter 1-2.Pp.3-28 Cambridge University Press.
*Coleman, James S. 1988. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 94: s95-s120. (Reader)
*Portes, A. (1998) ’Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology’,Annual Review of Sociology,1-24.
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Lin, Nan and Bonnie H. Erickson, 2010,eds. Social Capital : An International Research Program. Oxford University Press.
*Chapter 1 Theory, Measurement, and the Research Enterprise on Social Capital
Pp. 1-26
*Chapter 4 Social, Cultural, and Economic and Job Attainment: The Position Generator as a Measure of Cultural and Economic Resources Pp. 65-80
*Chapter 7 Social Resources and Their Effect on Occupational Attainement through the Life Course Pp. 133-156
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Son, Joonmo, 2013, Social Capital and Institutional Constraints: A Comparative Analysis of China, Taiwan and U.S. New York: Routledge.
*Chapter 1 A Comparative Study of Social Capital Pp. 1-10
*Chapter 2 Accessed and Activated Social Capital Pp. 11-20
*Chapter 3 Institutional Constraints Pp. 21-43
*Chapter 4 Theoretical Models and Hypotheses Pp. 44-56
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II. Social Capital: Defining and Conceptualizing based on Social Resources
*Granovetter, Mark. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.
*Weak ties as a liability. The case of East Germany (with B. Völker), Rationality and Society,13 (2001) 397-428.
*Burt, Ronald S. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Ch1: The Social Structure of Competition.
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*Erickson, Bonnie H. 1996. "Culture, class and connections", American Journal of Sociology 102(1): 217-251.
*Nan Lin, Yang-Chih Fu and Ray-May Hsung. 2001. " The Position Generator:
Measurement Techniques for Investigations of Social Capital." in Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald S. Burt ed "Social Capital: Theory and Research." Walter Pub.
*Hsung, Ray-May and Ronald Breiger. “Position Generators, Affiliations, and the Institutional Logics of Social Capital: A Study of Taiwan Firms and Individuals.”
Watts, Duncan J. 1999. “Networks, Dynamics, and the Small-World Phenomenon.” American Journal of Sociology 105:493-528.
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III、Social Capital and Trust
*Corten, Rense and Vincent Buskens, 2010, “Co-evolutions and Networks: An Experimental Study.” Social Networks 32: 4-15.
*Buskens, Vincent, Werner Raub, Joris van der Veer, 2010, “Trust in Triads: An experimental study.” Social Networks 32: 301-312.
*Buskens, Vincent, Werner Raub, Joris van der Veer, 2010, “Trust in Triads: An Experimental Study.” Social Networks: 301-312.
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Cook, Karen S., Margaret Levi and Russell Hardin. eds. 2009. Whom Can We Trust? How Groups, Networks, and Institutions Make Trust Possible? New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
"trust is defined as an expectation of beneficent reciprocity from others in uncertain or risky situations."
"Trust reflects a belief that others will act in a way to benefit or at least not harm us, before we know the outcome of their behavior."
"Trust is not required when others' interests are totally allied with our own; this is the domain of assurance."
“Trust is needed when another person has the potential to gain at our expense, but can at our expense, but can choose not to do so. “
“Debate exists over whether trust is a feature of the truster, in the form of personality trait, moral commitment, or cognitive bias or a reflection of the trustworthiness o the other, established through a history of interaction, third-party reputation, or normative constraints associated with roles occupied by the other person.”
*Chapter 1 Group-Based Trust Pp. 17-41
*Chapter 3 Social Networks and Trust in Cross-Cultural Economic Experiments
*Chapter 4 Trust and Reciprocity as Foundations for Cooperation
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Chapter 6 Trust in Managed Care Settings
*Chapter 7 Neighborhood Networks
Chapter 8 Trust and Credit
*Chapter 9 The Role of Trust in the Long-Run Development of French Financial Markets
*Chapter 11 Trust and Democracy in Comparative Perspective
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IV、Contexts, Communities and Social Capital
*Beate Völker ,Henk Flap, and Gerald . 2009. “ Changing Places: The Influence of Meeting Places on Recruiting Friends.” in Ray-May Hsung, Nan Lin, and Ronald Breiger eds. “Contexts of Social Capital.” Routledge Pub.
*Gerald Mollenhorst, Beat Volker and Henk Flap.2008. Social Contexts and Core Discussion Networks: Using a Choice-Constraint Approach to Study Similarity in Intimate Relationships. Social Forces 86(3):937-965
*Social contexts and personal relationships: different effects of meeting opportunities onsimilarity in various types of personal relationships. (with G. Mollenhorst & B. Völker).Social Networks, 30 (2008) 60-68.
Bellotti, Elisa. 2008, “What are Friends for ? Elective Communities of Single People.” Social Networks: 318-329.
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-------------------------------------------week 11-------mid-term research outline
Elliott, J. R. (1999). Social isolation and labor market insulation: Network and neighborhood effects on less-educated urban workers. Sociological Quarterly, 40(2), 199-216.
**Entwisle, B., Faust, K., Rindfuss, R. R., & Kaneda, T. (2007). Networks and contexts: Variation in the structure of social ties. American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1495-1533.
**Mollenhorst, G., Volker, B., & Flap, H. (2014). Changes in personal relationships: How social contexts affect the emergence and discontinuation of relationships. Social Networks, 37, 65-80.
Rankin, B. H., & Quane, J. M. (2000). Neighborhood poverty and the social isolation of inner-city African American families. Social Forces, 79(1), 139-164.
van Tubergen, F., & Volker, B. (2015). Inequality in Access to Social Capital in the Netherlands. Sociology-the Journal of the British Sociological Association, 49(3), 521-538.
****Fernandez, R. M., & Su, C. (2004). Space in the study of labor markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 545-569.
F.M. Pinkster & B. Völker (2009). Local social networks and social resources in two Dutch neighbourhoods. Housing Studies, 24 (2), 225-242.
***F. Pinkster (2009). Neighborhood-based networks, social resources, and labor market participation in two Dutch neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Affairs, 31 (2), 213-231.
Kasarda, J. D. (1989). Urban industrial transition and the underclass. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501(1), 26-47.
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V. Social Capital and School Performance
*Morgan, Stephen L. and Aage Sorenson. 1999. "Parental Networks, Social Closure, and Mathematics Learning: A Test of Coleman's Social Capital Explanation of School Effects." American Sociological Review 64, 5: 661-681.
*Moody, James. 2001. “Race, School Integration, and Friendship Segregation in America.” American Journal of Sociology 107:679-716.
Chang, Ly-yun. 2006.”Parental Network Closure Effects on Learning: Coleman's Theory
of Social Capital on Learning Revisited.”
*Moody, James and Douglas R. White. 2003. “Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness: A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups.” American Sociological Review 68:103-127.
Rodan, Simon, 2010, “Structural Holes and Management Performanc: Identifying the Underlying Mechanisms.” Social Networks 32: 168-179.
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VI. Social Capital and Labor Market
*于若蓉。2009.社會網絡與勞動市場表現。台灣社會學18：95-137.
*Mouw, Ted. 2003. “Social Capital and Finding A Job: Do Contacts Matter?” American Sociological Review 68:868-898.
Fernandez, Roberto M., Emilio J. Castilla and Paul Moore. 2000. “Social Capital at Work: Networks and Employment at a Phone Center.” American Journal of Sociology 105:1288-1356.
Podolny, Joel M. and James N. Baron. 1997. “Relationships and Resources: Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace.” American Sociological Review 62:673-693.
*Burt, R. 1998. "The Gender of Social Capital." Rationality and Society 10(1):5-46, 1.
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Social capital at the workplace and job-satisfaction. Goal-specific social capital (with B.Voelker), Socal Networks, 23 (2001) 297-320.
Ao, N. L. a. D. (2008). The Invisible Hand of Social Capital: An Exploratory Study. Social Capital: An International Research Program. N. L. a. B. H. Erickson. New York, Oxford University Press: 107-132.
Erickson, B. H. (2008). Why Some Occupations Are Better Known Than Others. Social Capital: An International Research Program. N. L. a. B. H. Erickson. New York, Oxford University Press: 331-342.
Fernandez, R. M. and I. Fernandez-Mateo (2006). Networks, Race, and Hiring. American Sociological Review. 71: 42-71.
Fernandez, R. M. and M. L. Sosa (2005). "Gendering the Job: Networks and Recruitment at a Call Center." American Journal of Sociology111(3): 859-904.
Franzen, A. a. D. H. (2006). "Social Networks and Labour Market Outcomes: The Non-Monetary Benefits of Social Capital." European Sociological Review22: 353-368.
Lin, J. L. M. C. a. N. (2008 ). Access to Social Capital and Status Attainment in the United States: Racial/ Ethnic and Gender Differences. Social Capital: An International Research Program. N. L. a. B. H. Erickson. New York, Oxford University Press: 364-379.
*McDonald, S. and J. G. H. Elder (2006). When Does Social Capital Matter? Non-Searching For Jobs Across the Life Course. Social Forces, University of North Carolina Press. 85: 522-549.
Rankin, B. (2003). How Low-Income Women Find Jobs and Its Effects on Earnings. Work & Occupations. 30: 281-301.
*Smith, S. S. (2005). ""Don't put my name on it": Social Capital Activation and Job-Finding Assistance among the Black Urban Poor." American Journal of Sociology111(1): 1-57.
*Volker, H. F. a. B. (2008). Socal, Cutural, and Economic Capital and Job Attainment: The Position Generator as a Measure of Cultural and Economic Resources. Social Capital: An International Research Program. N. L. a. B. H. Erickson. New York, Oxford University Press: 65-80.
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*Yakubovich, V. (2005). Weak Ties, Information, and Influence: How Workers Find Jobs in a Local Russian Labor Market. American Sociological Review. 70: 408-421.
*Treadway, Darren C., Jacob W. Breland, Garry L. Adams, Allison B. Duke, Lura A. William. 2010. “The Interactive Effects of Political Skill and Future Time Perspective on Career and Community Networking Behavior.” Social Networks 32: 138-147.
*Lin, Nan, Yanlong Zhang, Wenhong Chen, Dan Ao and Lijun Song. 2009. “Recruiting and Deploying Social Capital in Organizations: Theory and Evidence.” Research in Sociology of Work 19: 225-251.
Lin, Nan, Hang Young Lee, and Dan Ao, 2011, “Social Capital and Finding a Job: A Further Investigation.”
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IX. Social Capital and Internet Networks
Wellman,Barry. 2001. “Computer Networks as Social Networds.” Science 293(14): 2031-34.
Wellman, Barry. 1999. Networks in the Global Village. Boulder, CO: Westview Press./
*Lewis, Kevin, Jason Kaufman, Macro Gonzalez, Andreas Wimmer, 2008.”Tastes, Ties, and Time: A New Social Networks Dataset using Facebook.com.“ Social Networks 30: 330-342.
Adamic, L.A., Adar, E. 2003, “Friends and Neighbors on the Web.” Social Networks 25: 211-230.
DiMaggio, P., Hargittai, E. Et al. 2001. “Social Implications of the Internet.” Annual Review of Sociology 27: 307-336.
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*********week 18 Final report presentation