行銷流通系專業英文辭彙：生產要素與廣告等關鍵術語中英對照

行銷流通系專業英文辭彙

序號	課程	英文名稱	中文名稱	英文例句	例句中文翻譯
1	行銷管理	factors of production	生產要素	Labor, capital, information are factors of production.	勞力資本和資訊都是生產要素
2	行銷管理	advertising	廣告	The magazine contains a great deal of advertising.	這本雜誌裡有大量廣告。
3	行銷管理	affect	影響	Global warming has strongly affected weather patterns.	全球暖化已經強烈影響到氣候型態
4	行銷管理	agency	代理商	Our company has agencies in major cities of the country.	我們公司在這各國家的主要城市代理商。
5	行銷管理	alternative goods	代替品	What alternative goods are there?	有什麼替代品
6	行銷管理	aspiration group	仰慕群體	Consumers' behavior could be influenced by their aspiration group .	消費者的行為受其仰慕群體的影響.
7	行銷管理	attitude	態度	Attitudes are important because they reflect what consumers think and feel.	態度之所以重要是因為態度反應了消費者的想法和感覺
8	行銷管理	attribution theory	歸因理論	When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.	當我們在觀察他人行為時，會試圖去解釋該行為是出於「內在歸因（受自己自由意志控制）」或是「外在歸因（受外在環境因素控制）」
9	行銷管理	bounded rationality	有限理性	Individuals make decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.	決策者在面對複雜問題時，無法達到純粹理性的要求，而會將問題複雜度簡化，建構簡化模式，以進行決策。
10	行銷管理	brainstorming	腦力激盪	Unlike on-site observation, which focuses on the work of a single expert, brainstorming-an unstructured approach to generating ideas about a problem-invites two or more experts into a session in which discussions are carried out and a variety of opinions	不像在－之上位置觀察，把重心集中在專家的工作，集體研討－無社會組織的達成方式產生關於一個問題的想法－邀請二或者更多的專家進入會議在哪些討論被實行而且多種意見中在附近被投擲。
11	行銷管理	brand	品牌	Companies should focus on brand meaning and brand experience, rather than just the product attributes.	公司應關注品牌意義與品牌經驗, 而非產品特性
12	行銷管理	brand association	品牌聯想	Brand association links consumers' thoughts, feelings, perceptions, images, experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and so on to the marketed brand.	品牌聯想策略來連結消費的想法,感覺, 知覺, 印象,經驗,信念, 和態度等到版行銷的品牌結點上.
13	行銷管理	brand awareness	品牌知曉度	One of marketing communication's goals is to increase the brand awareness.	行銷溝通的目標之一就是要提品牌知曉度.
14	行銷管理	brand equity	品牌權益	Brand equity is the added value endowed to the products and services.	品牌權益是指顧客對產品和服務所賦予的附加價值.
15	行銷管理	brand extension	品牌延伸	A Company may gain extra benefits from brand extension by which the company uses an established brand to introduce a new product.	公司使用已建立的品牌來介紹新產品就是使用品牌延伸策略.
16	行銷管理	breakeven	損益平衡	The company has not acquired the goal of breakeven.	公司經營尚未達成損益平衡的目標
17	行銷管理	business intelligence	企業智慧	Business intelligence is a way to truly understand markets, competitors, and processes.	企業智慧為一種可真正了解市場、競爭者與流程的方法。
18	行銷管理	capitalism	資本主義	Capitalism is based on private ownership.	資本主義建立在私有化
19	行銷管理	case	個案	A case is knowledge at an operational level.	一個情形在一個操作的水準是知識。
20	行銷管理	cash cow business	金牛事業	Cash cow businesses generate substantial surplus over what is needed for reinvestment and growth. They have relatively high market share and an industry leadership position.	金牛指能產生相當多盈餘的事業，盈餘超過其再投資與成長所需。這些事業相對市場佔有率高，居產業中的領導地位。
21	行銷管理	cash discount	現金折扣	Many companies offer cash discounts on purchases to encourage timely payment from buyers.	許多公司提供現金折扣以鼓勵買方提早付款。
22	行銷管理	cause-related marketing	善因行銷	Avon Walk For Breas Cancer is one of Avon Company's cause-related marketing activities.	企業可藉由善因行銷與它的目標顧客建立更緊密的伙伴關係.
23	行銷管理	channel conflict	通路衝突	Causes of channel conflict include goal incompatibility and differences in perception.	通路衝突的種類可以分為水平通路衝突和多元通路衝突.
24	行銷管理	channel power	通路力量	Channel power is the ability of channel members to alter counter channel member's behavior so that they take actions they would not have taken otherwise.	所謂通路力量是指主導通路的成員行為, 成員們不會採取不該採取的行動.
25	行銷管理	chart	圖表	The chart showed the company's rapid growth in recent years.	圖表顯示了該公司近年來的迅速發展。
26	行銷管理	classification	分類	The classification function identifies the characteristics of the group to which each case belongs.	分類功能識別每個情形屬於的小組的特性。
27	行銷管理	communication	溝通	Communication is the transmission of information.	溝通是資訊的轉換。
28	行銷管理	company	公司	Tom works for a computer company.	湯姆在一家電腦公司上班。
29	行銷管理	compatibility	相容性	It will give you unrivaled compatibility with Autodesk AutoCAD.	給你一個與Auotdesk AutoCAD完全相容的產品
30	行銷管理	Consumer Behavior	消費者	The study of comsumer behavior includes focusing on relationships between what people think and do.	消費者行為主要是探討人們思考和行為之間的關係
31	行銷管理	consumer surplus	消費者剩餘	The amount of consumer surplus depends on the quantity you buy.	消費者剩餘多寡取決於購買的數量
32	行銷管理	contract	合約	The owner must decide what type of contract to use.	業主必須決定使用什麼樣的合約形式。
33	行銷管理	controlled variable	受控變數	The controlled variable is the variable that must be controlled at some desired value.	受控變數指希望被控制在某個意慾值的變數
34	行銷管理	conversion cost	加工成本	A manfacturing cost other than direct material is called conversion cost.	除了直接材料以外之製造成本,稱為加工成本.
35	行銷管理	cost	成本	Resource sacrificed or forgone to achieve a specific objective called cost.	成本係指為獲得特定目的所犧牲之經濟資源.
36	行銷管理	cost driver	成本驅動因子	A factor, such as the level of activity or volume that causally affects costs is called a cost driver.	會導致成本變動之因素,例如活動水準或數量,稱為成本動因.
37	行銷管理	cost leadership strategy	成本領導策略	A cost leadership strategy is an integrated set of actions designed to produce products at the lowest cost, relative to competitors, with features that are acceptable to customers.	成本領導策略是指一系列經過整合的行動，使企業能夠相對於競爭者以最低的生產成本，生產出顧客所能接受的產品。
38	行銷管理	cost objective	成本標的	Anything for which a separate measurement of costs is desired is called a cost objective.	成本標的是指成本衡量之標的物.
39	行銷管理	cost of capital	資金成本	Dividend policy has no effect on either the stock price or cost of capital.	股利政策對股價和資金成本都沒有影響。
40	行銷管理	cost of carry	持有成本	The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of the cost of carry	現貨價格和期貨價格的關係可用持有成本一詞來總結
41	行銷管理	cost of goods sold	銷貨成本	Gross profit is the difference between revenues and cost of goods sold.	毛利是收入與銷貨成本之間的差異。
42	行銷管理	cost of sales	銷售成本	The present price expansion reflects on the cost of sales	現在的漲價全部反映在銷售成本上。
43	行銷管理	cost of sales	銷售成本	The present price expansion reflects on the cost of sales	現在的漲價全部反映在銷售成本上。
44	行銷管理	cost volume profit analysis	成本數量利潤分析	The relationships among costs, volume, and profit are called cost volume profit analysis.	成本數量利潤分析,係分析成本數量與利潤間之關係.
45	行銷管理	costly to imitate capability	模仿代價高	Costly to imitate capability is what other firms cannot develop easily.	模仿代價高是指其他企業不能輕易模仿的能力。
46	行銷管理	creation	創作品;(想像力的);時裝	That style is the newest creation of the Paris designers	這風格款式是巴黎時裝設計師設計的最新式服裝
47	行銷管理	creativity	創意	This toy will help children with their creativity.	這種玩具有助於兒童的創造力.
48	行銷管理	cultural difference	文化差異	Many students who study abroad have experienced cultural differences.	許多留學生都經歷過文化差異。
49	行銷管理	culture	文化;教養;陶冶;修養	He has studied the cultures of various western countries.	他研究了各西方國家的文化。
50	行銷管理	culture creative property	文化創意產業	Accumalated creativity and culture that produces intellectual property of value.	源自創意或文化積累，透過智慧財產的形成與運用，具有創造財富與就業機會潛力，並促進整體生活環境提升的行業
51	行銷管理	customer equity	顧客權益	Customer equity is the total combined lifetime value of all the company’s customers.	顧客權益是指公司所有顧客之終身價值之總和
52	行銷管理	customer lifetime vlue (CLV)	顧客終身價值	Customer lifetime value is the net present value of the stream of future profits expected over the customer's lifetime purchases.	顧客終身價值是由顧客終身購買量項獻而來的未來總獲利之淨現值.
53	行銷管理	customer relationship management(CRM)	顧客關係管理	The datamining is a very effective tool to deal with the problem of CRM.	資料探勘的技術用來處理顧客關係管理的問題是很有效的
54	行銷管理	customer relationship management(CRM)	顧客關係管理	The datamining is a very effective tool to deal with the problem of CRM.	資料探勘的技術用來處理顧客關係管理的問題是很有效的
55	行銷管理	customization	客製化	Customization allows for the encoding of personal meanings into products.	客製化可以實現將個人主張注入到產品中
56	行銷管理	data	資料	This data is accurate.	這些資料很精確。
57	行銷管理	data analysis	資料分析	Multiple regression analysis is one kind of data analysis methods.	多元迴歸分析是一種資料分析方法
58	行銷管理	data mining	資料探勘	Data mining is one of the fastest growing fields in the computer industry.	數據挖掘在計算機工業中快速發展的領域之一
59	行銷管理	deal	條件/交易	Let’s make a deal!	我們條件交換。
60	行銷管理	decision	決策	It was a sudden decision.	這是一個突然的決定(決策)。
61	行銷管理	decision-support systems	決策支援資訊系統	Decision-support systems use internal information as well as information from external sources.	決策支持的系統使用內部信息並且信息從外部來源。
62	行銷管理	delivery price	交割價格	The delivery price is the price agreed to in a forward contract	文割價格為遠期契約的價格
63	行銷管理	demand	需求	If you demand something, that means you want it, and you can afford it.	需求代表你想要而且有能力購買的意思
64	行銷管理	demand	需要,需求	The supply of vegetables falls short of demand this year.	今年蔬菜供不應求。
65	行銷管理	demand for domestic goods	國內需求	The demand for domestic goods by people,firms,and governments.	國內需求來自於社會大眾,企業,政府
66	行銷管理	dependent variable	依變項	A dependent variable can be predicted or explained by other variables.	依變項能夠被其他變數所預測或解釋
67	行銷管理	desire	希望	The desire to look after his father is very strong.	照顧他父親的希望非常強烈。
68	行銷管理	differentiate	差異化	A company must decide how it will differentiate and position itself.	公司應決定如何差異化並定位自己
69	行銷管理	differentiation strategy	差異化策略	With the differentiation strategy, the unique attributes and characteristics of a firm's product provide value to customers.	在差異化策略下，企業提供給顧客的價值是產品獨特的屬性與特質。
70	行銷管理	discount	折扣;打折扣	We give a special discount of 10 per cent for cash.	如用現金購買,我們給予九折優待。
71	行銷管理	discount rate	折現率	The IRR(Internal Rate of Return) is defined as the discount rate that equates the present value of a project's expected cash inflows to the present value of the project's costs.	內部報酬率被定義為使計畫預期現金流量的現值等於計畫成本的現值的折現率。
72	行銷管理	display	展示	Sam displayed his paintings in his front yard to show passersby.	山姆在他的前院擺出自己的畫作供路人觀賞
73	行銷管理	dogs business	狗事業	Dogs are businesses that trail market share leaders in slow-growth and thus may be considered to have dim prospects for growth.	狗是指在成長緩慢的產業中，市場佔有率敬陪末座，而且被認為不具發展希望的事業，
74	行銷管理	efficient market hypothesis	效率市場假說	An efficient market hypothesis implies that, on average, investments have a zero NPV.	在效率市場假說之下，平均而言，NPV為0。
75	行銷管理	emerging markets	新興市場	Many investors are investing in emerging markets.	許多投資人投資於新興市場
76	行銷管理	emotional	情感的	I don't like that slushy emotional music.	我不喜歡那過於傷感的催人淚下的音樂。
77	行銷管理	export promotion	出口擴張	Some countries used export promotion strategy to generate more exports.	有些國家利用出口擴張的策略創造更多的出口品
78	行銷管理	factors of production	生產要素	Labor, capital, and information are factors of production.	勞力資本和資訊都是生產要素
79	行銷管理	family life cycle	家庭生命週期	Households' needs across family life cycle stages vary.	家戶在家庭生命週期的不同階段會有不同的需求
80	行銷管理	field investigation	現場調查	Field investigation can help understand the reality of life	現場調查能幫助了解真相
81	行銷管理	flowchart	流程圖	A flowchart is a schematic representation of an algorithm or a process.	流程圖是一個程式或程序的結構表示圖
82	行銷管理	focus strategy	集中化策略	A focus strategy is an integrated set of actions designed to produce products that serve the needs of a particular competitive segment.	集中化策略是指一系列經過整合的行動，被設計用來生產產品，以滿足一個特定競爭區隔的需求。
83	行銷管理	game theory	賽局理論	The prediction of outcomes from games.	預測結果來自於賽局理論
84	行銷管理	global village	地球村	Today, the global village is mostly used as a metaphor to describe the Internet and World Wide Web.	地球村常被作為一種隱喻，用來描述網際網路與全球資訊網
85	行銷管理	globalization	全球化	The New York Times recently published an article on the globalization of commercial food ingredients.	紐約時報最近發佈了一則消息，關於全球化的商業廣告性食品當中的成份
86	行銷管理	gray market	水貨市場	Many multinationls are plagued by the gray market problem.	許多跨國公司正面臨水貨市場的問題.
87	行銷管理	gross domestic product	國內生產毛額	Gross domestic product is an important economic index to a country.	國內生產毛額是很重要的經濟指標.
88	行銷管理	gross national product	國民生產毛額	Gross national product is an important economic index to a country.	國民生產毛額是很重要的經濟指標.
89	行銷管理	guarantee	保證: 擔保	The computer has a one-year guarantee.	這台電腦有一年保固
90	行銷管理	halo effect	月暈效果	Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.	當我們評斷一個人時，僅根據對方的某一項特質，來做判斷。
91	行銷管理	hierarchy of needs	層級需求	The Hierarchy of Needs provides a useful organization for thinking about needs and motives.	層級需求對於思考需求和激勵方面提供了一個有所助益的途徑
92	行銷管理	identification	識別;確認	I used my driver's license as identification.	我用駕駛執照作為身分識別。
93	行銷管理	income statement	損益表	The income statement measures performance of the company over some period of time, usually a quarter or a year.	損益表用來衡量公司在一段期間內的表現,通常唯一季或一年
94	行銷管理	independent variable	自變項	The independent variable is the presumed cause of any change in the dependent variable.	自變項為在依變項上之變動所假定的原因
95	行銷管理	innovation	創新	Innovation is the introduction of new goods and services.	創新是新產品及服務的引進。
96	行銷管理	integrate	整合;使成一體	I integrated your suggestion with my plan.	我把你的建議採納到我的計劃中來。
97	行銷管理	intellectual property	智慧財產	Intellectual property is an idea, a design, etc. that sb has created and that the law prevents other people from copying.	智慧財產權是一個想法,一個設計,那sb創造了，並且法律能防止其他人複製
98	行銷管理	interact	互動;互相作用;互相影響;互動	Individuals interact with a vast number of diverse products throughout their daily life.	個人在日常生活中與許多不同的產品產生互動。
99	行銷管理	interview	採訪	We are now going to interview the Minister of Education.	我們現在就去採訪教育部長。
100	行銷管理	knowledge gap	知溝	The knowledge gap can result in an increased gap between people of lower and higher socioeconomic status.	知溝會導致人們的社經地位高低差距擴大
101	行銷管理	layout	佈置	Their house has a good layout.	他們的房子佈置得很好
102	行銷管理	learning curves	學習曲線	The lower percentage of learning rate results is a flat learning curve.	學習曲線的學習率愈低，學習速度愈快
103	行銷管理	life cycle costing	產品生命週期成本	The system that tracks and accumulates the individual value-chain costs is called life cycle costing.	將個別價值鏈成本予以加總,即為生命週期成本.
104	行銷管理	logo or or logogram or logotype	象徵圖案	What is the significance of the Olympic logo?	?林匹克標誌代表什麼？
105	行銷管理	lower-of-cost-or-market method	成本與市價孰低法	The lower-of-cost-or-market method values inventories at market if market is below cost.	當市價低於成本，則成本與市價孰低法是以市價來評價存貨價值。
106	行銷管理	loyalty	忠誠;忠心	The general's loyalty to the king never wavered	將軍對國王的忠心從未動搖過。
107	行銷管理	machinery	機器	Many products are made by machinery rather than by hand.	許多產品是機器造的而不是手工做的。
108	行銷管理	manager	經理	Diana is a manager in a company.	黛安娜是一家公司裡面的經理。
109	行銷管理	manipulated Variable	調節變數	The manipulated variable is the variable used to maintain the controlled variable at its set point.	調節變數用來維持受控變數在它的設定值
110	行銷管理	manufacture	製造	The bikes are of home manufacture.	這些自行車是本國製造的。
111	行銷管理	manufacturer	製造廠商	Manufacturers offer different types of CPUs based on the complexity needed for the system.	製造商基於為系統需要的複雜性提供CPU 的不同的類型
112	行銷管理	marginal cost	邊際成本	When marginal cost equals marginal revenue is the condition defining equilibrium price.	市場均衡價格的條件是邊際成本等於邊際收益
113	行銷管理	marginal cost	邊際成本	When marginal cost equals marginal revenue is the condition defining equilibrium price.	市場均衡價格的條件是邊際成本等於邊際收益
114	行銷管理	market	市場	There are many consumers and producers in a perfect competition market.	完全競爭市場中有許多的消費者和生產者
115	行銷管理	market failure	市場失靈	There is a market failure when the equilibrium price or quantity is not equal to the market price or quantity.	當市場價格或數量不等於均衡價格與數量時，就會發生市場失靈的現象
116	行銷管理	market price (=value)	市價	The market price of this watch was $200.	這隻錶的市價是二百元
117	行銷管理	market value measures	市場價值衡量	There are some useful market value measures such as EPS and Price-Earning Ratio.,etc.	有一些有用的市場價值衡量如每股營餘比與本益比等
118	行銷管理	marketing	行銷	A simple definition of marketing is managing profitable customer relationships.	行銷的簡單定義就是管理有利潤的顧客關係
119	行銷管理	marketing	行銷	A simple definition of marketing is managing profitable customer relationships.	行銷的簡單定義就是管理有利潤的顧客關係
120	行銷管理	marketing segmentation	市場區隔	The company must decide whom it will serve by dividing the market into segments of customers (market segmentation) and selecting which segments to serve (target marketing).	公司藉由將市場區隔並從中挑選區隔, 可決定所要服務的對象是誰
121	行銷管理	marketing systems	行銷資訊系統	Promoting the organization’s products or services is a function of marketing systems.	促進組織的產品或服務是銷售系統的作用。
122	行銷管理	marketing systems	行銷資訊系統	Promoting the organization’s products or services is a function of marketing systems.	促進組織的產品或服務是銷售系統的作用。
123	行銷管理	mascot	吉祥物	The football team's mascot is a goat.	那支橄欖球隊的吉祥物是山羊。
124	行銷管理	mass communication	大眾傳播	New media technologies in all these areas have important implications for journalism and mass communication education.	新的媒體技術在這整個新聞工作及大眾傳播教育領域裡有重要的含意
125	行銷管理	mass culture	大眾文化	Mass culture becomes possible only with modern communications and electronic media	大眾文化有可能變成新傳播和電子媒體
126	行銷管理	mass customization	大量顧客化	Individual marketing has also been labeled mass customization.	許多公司在網站上提供choiceboard, 讓顧客在線上以互動方式自行設計產品或放入個人化的元素.
127	行銷管理	material	物質的	A warm house and good food are material comforts.	溫暖的家和佳餚都是物質享受
128	行銷管理	media	媒體	The nature of media today is that there are a million different formats and codecs on the web.	今日媒體的種類在網上有百萬種不同的形式及電碼
129	行銷管理	message	訊息	Some data indicate that youngsters are receptive to ant-ialcohol messages within commercial television episodes.	一些數據指出在商業電視影集裡年輕人善於接受的反酗酒的訊息
130	行銷管理	mission	使命	The mission is the basic purpose and value of the organization.	使命是組織的基本目標與價值。
131	行銷管理	money market	貨幣市場	The money market is where only short-term debt instruments(maturity of less than one year) are traded.	貨幣市場係屬於一年期以內短期負債工具發行或交易的市場
132	行銷管理	motivation	激勵	Motivation refers to forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's efforts.	激勵指強化、指揮、維持人們努力的動力。
133	行銷管理	observe	觀察	Did you observe anything unusual in his behaviors?	你有觀察到他任何不尋常的行為嗎?
134	行銷管理	on sale	拍賣	Clothes on sale are usually very cheap.	大拍賣的服飾通常非常便宜
135	行銷管理	on-site observation	現場觀察	On-site observation, or action protocol, is a process of observing, interpreting, and recording an expert's problem-solving behavior while it takes place.	在－之上位置觀察或行動記錄，是觀察、解釋的程序，而且記錄exper 的解決問題行為當它發生的時候。
136	行銷管理	open market operation	公開市場操作	The government supports the open market operation for buying or selling of bond.	政府部門在公開操作市場上買進或賣出債券
137	行銷管理	opinion	意見	In my opinion, that was a poor program.	依我的看法那是一個很糟的節目
138	行銷管理	opinion follower	意見跟隨者	Opinion leaders influence opinion followers.	意見領袖影響著意見跟隨者
139	行銷管理	opinion leader	意見領袖	Opinion Leaders are individuals who act as information brokers.	意見領袖是扮演資訊中介角色的個人
140	行銷管理	opportunity cost	機會成本	Before making a decision, we need to count our opportunity cost.	作決定前我們應計算機會成本
141	行銷管理	organization	組織	It is a non-profit organization.	這是一個非營利性的組織。
142	行銷管理	organizational decision support system	組織決策支援系統	Organizational decision support system (ODSS) focuses on an organizational task or activity involving a sequence of operations and decision makers, such as developing a divisional marketing plan or doing captial budgeting.	組織的決定支援系統( ODSS )著重於包括一系列作業和決策人的一種組織任務或者活動，諸如發展計劃或者做captial預算的一種部門所有銷售。
143	行銷管理	Llower-of-cost-or-market method	成本與市價孰低法	The lower-of-cost-or-market method values inventories at market if market is below cost.	當市價低於成本時企業採用成本與市價孰低法評價存貨。
144	行銷管理	performance	績效	The key is to match customer expectations with company performance.	關鍵在於配合顧客的期望與公司的績效
145	行銷管理	personality	性格	The environment changed her whole personality.	環境改變了她整個個性
146	行銷管理	persuade	說服	Despite all my efforts to persuade him, he wouldn't agree.	即使我盡全力想說服他, 但他還是不同意
147	行銷管理	plan	計畫	What's your plan for the weekend?	你週末有什麼計畫?
148	行銷管理	planning	規劃	Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved.	規劃是為了要達成目標。
149	行銷管理	population	母體	The population of our study is the total of junior high school students in Taiwan.	我們研究的母體是台灣所有國中的學生
150	行銷管理	price	價格	What is the price for this?	這個價格是多少?
151	行銷管理	price list	報價單	Please send us your price list ASAP.	請盡快寄給我們你的報價單
152	行銷管理	price-earning (P/E) ratio	本益比	The P/E ratio is the ratio of the current stock price to last year's earnings per share.	本益比是每股市價除以上一年度的每股盈餘。
153	行銷管理	prime cost	主要成本	A direct manufacturing cost is called a prime cost.	主要成本包括直接材料與直接人工.
154	行銷管理	private label brand	私有品牌	KIRKLAND is Costco Wholesale Company's private label brand	KIRKLAND是好市多的私有品牌.
155	行銷管理	product	產品	I like your products.	我喜歡你的產品
156	行銷管理	product positioning	定位	Product Positioning requires an organization to differentiate its market offerings from those of its competitors.	定位就是找一個方法使得自己在市場上銷售的商品和競爭對手商品不一樣
157	行銷管理	production	生產	We have 10 production lines.	我們有十條生產線
158	行銷管理	profitability	利潤	The marketer must balance customer satisfaction level with profitability.	行銷人員需平衡顧客滿意水準與利潤
159	行銷管理	promotion	促銷,推銷	They're planning a big promotion for their new washing powder.	他們正籌劃舉辦一次新款式洗衣粉的大促銷行動。
160	行銷管理	public opinion	輿論	Public opinion is shifting in favor of the President's new policy.	輿論正轉向支持總統的新政策。
161	行銷管理	purchase frequency	購買頻率	Promotions are often designed to increase purchase frequency.	促銷經常被用來增進購買頻率
162	行銷管理	qualitative	質性的	Examples of qualitative data are occupation, gender, and social status of buyers.	質性資料的例子有買方的職業,性別或是社會地位
163	行銷管理	quality	品質	Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers.	對專案管理者而言，品質控管與工地安全越來越重要。
164	行銷管理	quantitative	量性的	A person's age and weight are quantitative data.	個人的年齡和體重是量性的資料
165	行銷管理	question mark business	問號事業	Question mark businesses have high growth, but low relative market share.	問號事業是有高度成長率但是低相對市場佔有率的事業。
166	行銷管理	questionnaire	問卷	We use questionnaires to do empirical research.	我們使用問卷來進行實證研究
167	行銷管理	random	隨機	He took a book at random.	他隨手(隨機)取了一本書。
168	行銷管理	rare capability	稀有的能力	Rare capability is that possessed by few, if any, current or potential competitors.	稀有的能力是指現有及潛在的競爭者只擁有一點點或根本不擁有的能力。
169	行銷管理	reference group	參考團體	Consumers often believe that reference groups have better information than the information that they themselves have.	消費者總是相信參考團體有比自己更加的資訊
170	行銷管理	relationship	關係	Marketing consists of actions taken to build and maintain desirable exchange relationships with target audiences.	行銷包括採取必要行動以期與目標顧客建立並維持所想要的交易關係
171	行銷管理	reliability	可靠度	Reliability is the ability of a system to perform and maintain its functions in routine circumstances.	可靠度是一種系統維持功能的能力
172	行銷管理	responsibilities	責任	Those companies that look to the future are accepting their responsibilities in the areas of social and environmental impact.	有遠見的公司接受他們在社會及環境影響方面之責任
173	行銷管理	retail inventory method	零售價法	The retail inventory method can be used for both external financial statements and tax reporting.	零售價法可使用在財務報表或稅務上。
174	行銷管理	retailer	零售商;零售店	A lot of money is spent by retailers on advertising.	零售商花許多錢登廣告。
175	行銷管理	return and risk	報酬與風險	Higher returns usually mean higher risks.	高報酬通常代表高風險。
176	行銷管理	sales mix	銷售組合	The relative combination of quantities of products or services that constitutes total unit sales is called sales mix.	由數種相關產品或服務所構成之產品單位,稱為產品組合.
177	行銷管理	sample	樣本	We select some sample to represent the characteristics of the population.	我們挑選一些樣本來代表母體的特性
178	行銷管理	satisfaction	滿意	Customer satisfaction depends on the products’ perceived performance versus the customers’ expectations.	顧客滿意有賴於產品的認知績效與顧客經驗
179	行銷管理	service	服務	The mayor gave many years of service to the city.	這個市長在這城市服務了很多年。
180	行銷管理	social class	社會階層	Social class influences consumers' behaviors often indirectly rather than directly.	社會階層經常以非直接地方式而非直接地方式影響消費者的行為
181	行銷管理	spot exchange market	即期外匯市場	The spot exchange market is a market for immediate purchase and delivery of foreign currency.	即期外匯市場指的是立即購買並完成交割的市場。
182	行銷管理	stagnant	蕭條的; 不景氣的	The music industry has been stagnant due to illegal Internet downloads.	由於違法的網路下載使得音樂工業變得很蕭條。
183	行銷管理	star business	明日之星事業	Star businesses have high growth with relatively high market share.	明日之星指高產業成長率下，相對有較高的市場佔有率的事業。
184	行銷管理	statistics	統計量	I happen to have the latest population statistics with me.	我手頭正好有最新的人口統計量。
185	行銷管理	stock price	股價	There is a high correlation between EPS, cash flow , and stock price.	每股盈餘、現金流量和股價間有高度相關。
186	行銷管理	store	商店	Another auto store was opened in town yesterday.	昨天鎮上又開了一家汽車商行。
187	行銷管理	strategic intent	策略性企圖	Strategic intent is the leveraging of a firm's internal resources, capabilies, and core competencies to accomplish the firm's goals in the competitive environment.	策略性企圖是指企業利用內在資源、能力與核心能力，在競爭環境下所欲完成的目標。
188	行銷管理	strategy	策略	Strategy is a pattern of actions and resource allocations.	策略是行動和資源安置的一種型態。
189	行銷管理	sunk cost	沉沒成本	Past costs that are unavoidable because they cannot be changed no matter what action is taken called sunk costs.	無法因決策而改變的過去成本,稱為沉沒成本.
190	行銷管理	superego	超我	The superego represents the traditional ideas and values of society.	超我所表現的是社會的傳統想法和價值觀
191	行銷管理	supply	供給	Money supply is controlled by the Central Bank.	貨幣供給由中央銀行所控制
192	行銷管理	supply chain	供應鏈	Connections must also be made with the members of the supply chain.	須與供應鏈成員有所聯繫
193	行銷管理	tangible resource	有形資源	Tangible resources are assets that can be seen and quantified.	有形資源是指可見與可以量化的資產。
194	行銷管理	target marketing	目標行銷	The company must decide whom it will serve by dividing the market into segments of customers (market segmentation) and selecting which segments to serve (target marketing).	公司藉由將市場區隔並從中挑選區隔, 可決定所要服務的對象是誰
195	行銷管理	the Gantt chart	甘特圖	The Gantt Chart is generally used to accomplish tasks with resourses.	甘特圖常被用來做各項任務完成的資源分配
196	行銷管理	theory	理論	Darwin spent more than twenty years working on his theory of evolution.	達爾文花了二十餘年時間研究他的進化論。
197	行銷管理	trademark	商標	Products bearing famous trademarks sell well.	標有名牌商標的產品暢銷。
198	行銷管理	usability	使用性;可用性	Usability Engineering is an emerging discipline.	使用性工程是一門新興的學科。
199	行銷管理	value	價值	The value of this book is greater than its price.	這本書的價值比價格還重要。
200	行銷管理	visual	視覺的	Near-sightedness is a visual defect.	近視是一個視力缺陷。
1	消費者行為	deflation	通貨緊縮	Deflationary pressure has eased considerably after the government took action to stimulate the economy.	在政府採取行動刺激經濟以後,通貨緊縮的壓力也隨之減緩.
2	消費者行為	associative network	連結網	Our brain cognitive systems create associative networks to organize and link many types of knowledge.	連結網主要由大腦的認知系統所創造，並且組織以及連結大腦中各式知識
3	消費者行為	accessibility	易影響性	Attitude will affect interpretation or integration processes because of it's accessibility in memory.	由於態度對記憶的易影響性所以導致產生一個人的闡釋或整合過程
4	消費者行為	accretion	增加物	Most cognitive learning probably occurs by accretion.	大部分的認知系統的產生是由於
5	消費者行為	acculturation	同化	Acculturation refers to how people in one culture or subculture understand the meaning of another culture or subculture.	同化是指人們身處於一個文化或次文化中，並了解其文化或次文化的意義
6	消費者行為	acquisition	獲得	He devotes his time to the acquisition of knowledge.	他花費許多時間去獲取知識
7	消費者行為	advertising	廣告	Advertising is composed of any information about a product, brand, company,or store.	廣告是由產品、品牌、企業或是商店之各種訊息所組成
8	消費者行為	alternatives	選擇方案	Choice alternatives are considered in the consumers' problem-solving process.	消費者在j問題解決的過程中會考慮到替代性選擇方案
9	消費者行為	appetite	食慾	At the moment, she had no appetite for any food.	現在他沒有任何的食慾
10	消費者行為	atmosphere	氣氛	We are talking in a cordial atmosphere.	我們正在熱忱的氣氛中討論
11	消費者行為	attributes	屬性	Even the simplest products have several attributes like softness and colors.	就算是簡單的產品也會有其屬性，像柔軟以及顏色
12	消費者行為	automatic processing	自動化歷程	Some of consumers' purchasing behavior is automatic processing.	有一些消費者的購買行為屬於自動化歷程
13	消費者行為	avoidance	迴避	The avoidance of your attention system would avoid anything that is not interesting in your mind.	大腦中的注意系統會自動迴避不感到興趣的事物
14	消費者行為	attention	注意	Let me have your attention.	讓我來引起你的注意
15	消費者行為	affect	影響	The amount of rain affects the growth of crops.	降雨量會影響作物的成長
16	消費者行為	attitude	態度	Attitude is a person’s overall concept.	態度是一個人所有概念的總和
17	消費者行為	barrier	障礙	The police put up barriers to control the traffic.	警察設立障礙物以控制交通
18	消費者行為	baseline	基線	A baseline is the level of consumers’ responses prior to implementation of a new strategy.	基線是指消費者在受到行銷策略實行之前對於某事物的反應程度
19	消費者行為	behavior	行為	Behaviors are specific actions directed at some target object.	行為是指針對某目標物的特定行動
20	消費者行為	benefit segmentation	利益區隔	The consumers would acquire product benefit from specific benefit segmentation.	消費者可以從特定的利益區隔中獲得產品利益
21	消費者行為	brand loyalty	品牌忠誠度	Brand loyalty is a behavior of repeatedly purchasing a particular brand.	品牌忠誠度是一種不斷重複購買某一特別品牌
22	消費者行為	benefits	利益	Consumers seek benefits when buying and using products and brands.	消費者購買產品、使用產品以及其品牌時，都會尋求其利益
23	消費者行為	consumer decision making	消費者購買決策	The consumers' decision making process is very complex.	消費者購買決策是非常複雜的
24	消費者行為	channel	頻道	There are at present three television channels.	目前電視有三的頻道
25	消費者行為	checklist	清單	To avoid forgetting your stuff for traveling, a checklist is necessary.	為了防止忘記旅行中必備的物品，清單是絕對必須的
26	消費者行為	classical conditioning	古典制約	Classical conditioning is emphasis on the behavior which occurs by stimulus.	古典制約強調行為是藉由刺激產生
27	消費者行為	cognitive learning	認知學習	Cognitive learning occurs when people interpret information in the environment and create new knowledge or meaning.	當人們在環境中闡釋資訊並產生新的知識或意義就稱為認知學習
28	消費者行為	commerce	商業貿易	Our overseas commerce has increased a great deal.	我們的海外貿易成長許多
29	消費者行為	commodity	商品	A commodity means the nature of the product or service offered to the consumer.	商品意味著商品或服務
30	消費者行為	communication	溝通	Communication between old and young people is not so difficult as you think.	老人與年輕人之間的溝通並沒有你想像中的困難
31	消費者行為	compatibility	一致性	Compatibility refers to the degree to which a product is consistent with consumers' current affect, cognition, and behavior.	一致性是指消費者對某商品之情感、認知以及行為程度
32	消費者行為	competence	能力	The young surgeon showed exceptional competence.	年輕的外科醫生顯露了特殊的能力
33	消費者行為	competition	競爭	Competition among youths to enter the best colleges is intense.	年輕人彼此競爭要進入一流大學
34	消費者行為	competitive advantage	競爭優勢	Competitive advantage refers to the degree to which an item has a sustainable competitive advantage over other products.	競爭優勢是指一項物品與其他物品比起來有更具一定水準的競爭力
35	消費者行為	competitor	競爭者	There are many competitors in the business environment.	商業環境中有許多的競爭者
36	消費者行為	complex	複雜	Consumers' behavior is very complex.	消費者行為是很複雜的
37	消費者行為	comprehension	理解	Comprehension refers to the interpretation processes by which consumers understand their own behaviors and relevant aspects of their environment.	理解是指消費者對於其行為的理解以及相對於環境的觀點以反應於消費者本身對於所認知事物的闡釋
38	消費者行為	conditions	狀態	The miners there worked in dreadful conditions.	礦工在可怕的環境中工作
39	消費者行為	coupon	折價券	Each coupon can be applied to only a single item .	每張物品只可使用一張折價券
40	消費者行為	consideration set	考慮集合	Usually, only possible alternatives are evaluated as a consideration set.	一般而言，僅有可能性的選擇可被視為考慮集合
41	消費者行為	consist	組成	A university consists of teachers, administrators and students.	一間大學是由老師、行政人員以及學生所組成
42	消費者行為	consumer behavior	消費者行為	Consumer behavior involves the thoughts and the actions consumers perform in consumption processes.	消費者行為包含了其思想以及其行為的過程
43	消費者行為	continuous	持續的	The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.	大腦需要血液持續的供給
44	消費者行為	coverage	覆蓋	The coverage of attitude includes affect, cognition and behavior.	態度的範圍涵蓋了情感、認知以及行為
45	消費者行為	criteria、criterion	標準、尺度	What criteria do you use when judging the quality of a product?	你用何種尺度衡量商品的品質
46	消費者行為	culture	文化	He has studied the cultures of various western countries.	他已經研究了許多不同的西方文化
47	消費者行為	consumer socialization	消費者社會化	Consumer socialization refers to how people acquire knowledge about products and services and various consumption-related skills.	消費者社會化是指人們如何從產品、服務、以及各種相關消費知識知道相關消費訊息
48	消費者行為	consumption	消費	This product is for our consumption on the trip.	這項商品是我們旅途中需要消費使用的
49	消費者行為	cultural interpenetration	文化滲透	A new culture or subculture depends on their level of cultural interpenetration.	新的文化或次文化是基於對於文化的滲透
50	消費者行為	confirmation	確定	I think I can come next Tuesday, but I will send you a confirmation by email.	我想我下週二可以來，不過我還是匯寄一封確認信給你
51	消費者行為	decision	決策	A decision involves two or more alternative actions.	一個決策包含了兩個或多個選擇的行動方案
52	消費者行為	racial discrimination	種族歧視	There are many countries that have racial discrimination.	有許多國家仍存在種族歧視
53	消費者行為	dissatisfaction	不滿	This situation is thought to lead to dissatisfaction.	這種狀況被認為可以導致不滿
54	消費者行為	drudgery	單調	Fully 63 percent of Americans think shopping is drudgery.	63％的美國人認為購物是單調的
55	消費者行為	decision conflict	決策衝突	Decision conflict arises when family members disagree about some purchase decision.	當家庭成員對於購買決策有成見時就會產生決策衝突
56	消費者行為	evaluations	評估	I attempted to evaluate my friend's used car.	我嘗試去評估我朋友的中古車
57	消費者行為	expertise	專門技術	Marketing researchers often discuss consumers’ knowledge in terms of expertise.	行銷人員常藉由以專門技術的觀點來討論消費者知識
58	消費者行為	early adopters	早期採用者	Early adopters often use brand new products.	早期採用者最常使用全新的商品
59	消費者行為	early majority	早期多數	Early majority avoids risks and are deliberate in their purchases.	早期多數的消費者在購買行為上是屬於深思熟慮且會避免風險
60	消費者行為	effort	努力	He decided to make one more effort.	他決定再做一次努力
61	消費者行為	elaboration likelihood model	思考可能性模式	The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion is a model of how attitudes are formed and changed.	思考可能性模式解釋了如何建立態度以及改變態度
62	消費者行為	electronic exchange	電子交換	E-commerce is mainly based on electronic exchange systems.	電子商務主要是建構在電子交易系統上
63	消費者行為	environment	環境	Marketing environment analysis helps marketing researchers to develop their research.	行銷環境的分析有助於行銷研究者發展他們的研究
64	消費者行為	emotion	情感	Love and grief are emotions.	愛及悲傷都是情感的一部份
65	消費者行為	equipment	裝備	Our new factory needs new equipment.	我們的新工廠需要新的設備
66	消費者行為	established	建立	This store was established in 1950.	這家商店建立於1950年
67	消費者行為	evaluation	評估	You need a product evaluation before you purchase a new computer.	在購買一台電腦之前，你需要做產品的評估
68	消費者行為	exposure	曝光	The advertising exposure rate would affect consumers' purchase decisions.	廣告的曝光率會影響消費者的購買決策
69	消費者行為	extensive	廣大的	A failed marketing strategy would cause extensive damage.	一個失敗的行銷策略會導致廣大的失敗
70	消費者行為	external	外部的	Cultural influence is a external effect of consumers' decision making.	文化對於消費者決策的影響是外部的
71	消費者行為	extinction	消滅	Environmental pollution will cause creature extinction.	環境污染會造成物種的滅亡
72	消費者行為	forgo	放棄	I'll have to forgo my vacation in order to attend a summer English course.	為了要參加暑假英文班，我必須要放棄我的假期
73	消費者行為	form utility	形式效用	Form utility means channels convert raw materials into finished goods .	形式效用意味著不同管道的原物料轉換成最終商品
74	消費者行為	fragrance	香氣	The flowers spread their fragrance very far.	花朵會將香氣散播很遠
75	消費者行為	Ford	福特	Ford is a famous automobile manufacturing company in the world.	福特是世界上有名的汽車製造商
76	消費者行為	functional consequences	功能效果	Functional consequences are tangible outcomes of using a product.	功能性的效果是指使用某產品以後的結果
77	消費者行為	inference	推斷結論	We can infer that consumers' decision making is complicated.	我們可以推斷消費者的決策是複雜的
78	消費者行為	information contact	訊息聯繫	An early stage in the purchase sequence is information contact.	在購買階段的第一階段是訊息聯繫
79	消費者行為	information-processing models	訊息處理模式	Information searching is based on information-processing models.	訊息收尋是建立在訊息處理模式上
80	消費者行為	interpretation processes	闡釋過程	Interpretation processes require exposure to information and involve attention and comprehension.	接觸到的信息和解釋過程需要涉及注意和理解
81	消費者行為	limited capacity	有限能力	A production line has limited capacity.	產品生產線有他的有限生產能力
82	消費者行為	macro	大的	Some critics argue that our macro-marketing system is flawed.	一些批評者認為，我們的宏觀市場營銷系統是有缺陷
83	消費者行為	marketing concept	行銷概念	Marketing concept is the appropriate philosophy for conducting business.	營銷概念是商業領域的適當的哲學
84	消費者行為	materialism	唯物主義	Materialism is a set of related theories.	唯物主義與許多理論相關
85	消費者行為	membership	會員身份	This organization has a large membership.	這組織有許多會員
86	消費者行為	metaphors	隱喻	We must discover the different priorities given to these values and metaphors by the subculture that uses them.	我們必須藉由使用這些價值與隱喻之次級文化的協助，找出它們當中不同的優先事物。
87	消費者行為	overt	明顯的	Physical actions of consumers that can be directly observed are called overt behavior.	消費者顯現在外的生理行為又稱為外顯行為
88	消費者行為	positive reinforcement	正強化	Positive reinforcement would occur because of some promotion methods.	有些促銷的方式會產生正強化
89	消費者行為	problem solving	解決問題	I suggest following these steps to problem-solving.	我建議照著下面這些步驟來解決問題
90	消費者行為	procedural knowledge	程序知識	Consumers would have procedural knowledge about how to do things.	消費者做事時都會具備某種程度的程序性知識
91	消費者行為	promotion	促銷	Marketers develop promotions in order to persuade consumers to buy products.	行銷人員會發展各種促銷方式來說服消費者購買產品
92	消費者行為	pull strategy	拉式策略	Coupons are one of the Pull strategies.	折價券是拉式策略的一種
93	消費者行為	reciprocal system	交互系統	Consumers' affect and cognition, consumers' environment and consumers' behavior belong to reciprocal systems.	消費者的情感、認知、消費環境以及其消費行為均屬交互系統其中一項
94	消費者行為	representation	代理	Our company has no representation in Europe.	本公司在歐洲沒有代表人
95	消費者行為	response	回答	Consumers do not have any responses regarding this promotion.	消費者針對這項促銷方案沒有任何的回應
96	消費者行為	salient beliefs	突出信念	Only the salient beliefs create a person's attitude toward an objective.	僅有突出信念會創造一個人對於一件事物的態度
97	消費者行為	strategy	策略	Marketing strategies could be used in different kinds of fields.	行銷策略可以應用在不同的領域
98	消費者行為	subculture	次文化	American Born Chinese demonstrated sub-cultural differences in American society.	美籍中國人在美國展示了次文化的差異
99	消費者行為	transaction	處理	He saw to the transaction of important business himself.	他嘗試去處理重要的生意
100	消費者行為	values	價值觀念	Among followers' characteristics and individual differences,values play an important role in predicting how followers respond to leaders' influences.	在所有部屬的特質和個人差異中, 部屬們與領導人之間的互動好壞有相當大的程度是取決於部屬們的價值觀
101	消費者行為	vicarious learning	替代學習	Vicarious learning is an important concept.	替代學習是一種重要觀念
102	消費者行為	general knowledge	常識	General knowledge concerns people's interpretations of relevant information in their environments.	在生活環境中涉及有關人們的相關常識解釋
103	消費者行為	geo-demographic segmentation	地理人口統計	Geo-demographic segmentation does identify specific households in a market.	依據地理人口統計市場集中在家庭人口分布較密集區
104	消費者行為	global marketing	全球行銷	This approach is often called global marketing.	這種方法通常被稱為全球行銷
105	消費者行為	guarantee	保證	The TV set has a year's guarantee.	這電視機有一年保固
106	消費者行為	habitual	習慣的	Farmers are habitual early risers.	農夫習慣早起
107	消費者行為	heuristic	啟發式	Basically, heuristics are simple, ‘if…,then…”productions that connect an event with an appropriate action.	基本上，啟發式是簡單的"如果…，那麼…"的製作，連接事件與適當的行動。
108	消費者行為	hierarchy	階層	The end goal and its sub-goals are a goal hierarchy.	最終目標及其子目標的目標層次
109	消費者行為	household	家庭	Bill was the spoilt child of that household.	比爾是那個家庭中被寵壞了的孩子。
110	消費者行為	impression	印記	The robber left an impression of his feet in the mud.	強盜在爛泥裡留下了他的腳印。
111	消費者行為	inflation	通貨膨脹	The government did nothing to curb inflation.	政府沒有採取措施抑制
112	消費者行為	innovators	創新	Innovators are venturesome and willing to take risks.	創新是冒險和願意承擔風險。
113	消費者行為	integration processes	整合流程	Integration processes concern how consumers combine different types of knowledge to form overall evaluations of products.	關於整合的流程如何使消費者結合不同類型的知識，形成產品的整體評價。
114	消費者行為	internal	內部的	There was a rapid increase in internal trade.	一個內部貿易迅速增加。
115	消費者行為	interrupts	中斷	Four types of disruptive events, or interrupts, have been identified.	四個類型的破壞性事件，或中斷，也已確定。
116	消費者行為	intrinsic self-relevance	內在自我的相關性	Intrinsic self-relevance is based on consumers’ means—end knowledge stored in memory.	內在自我的相關性是基於對消費者的手段和目的存儲在內存中的知識。
117	消費者行為	illustrates	說明	This example illustrates the marketing importance of a major subculture in the United States.	這個例子說明了一個主要文化行銷在美國的重要性。
118	消費者行為	involvement	參與	Involvement refers to consumers’ perceptions of importance or personal relevance for an object, event, or activity.	參與是指以消費者為對象、事件或活動的個人的重要性或相關的看法。
119	消費者行為	laggard	落後者	Laggards are very traditional and set in their ways.	落後是非常傳統，並以自己的方式。
120	消費者行為	layout	設計	The book designer will have to redo the page layouts.	書籍設計者得重新編排版面。
121	消費者行為	loop	環	Wind the wire in loops and put it away in the toolshied.	把鐵絲繞成圈圈, 放到工具棚裡。
122	消費者行為	manufacture	製造	The company manufactures cars.	這家公司製造汽車
123	消費者行為	market segmentation	市場區隔	We defined market segmentation as the process of dividing a market into groups of similar consumers and selecting the most appropriate group and individuals for the firm to serve.	我們定義市場區隔的過程為類似的消費者群體市場和選擇最適合的團體和提供個人服務.
124	消費者行為	marketing strategy	行銷策略	A marketing strategy is the design, implementation, and control of a plan to influence exchanges to achieve organizational objectives.	營銷策略的設計，實施和控制的影響，以實現組織目標的交流計劃。
125	消費者行為	melody	旋律	The melody is next taken up by the flutes.	這主調接著由橫笛合奏。
126	消費者行為	mixture	混合	The talk was conducted in a mixture of English, Russian and French.	談話是以一種英、俄、法混雜的語言進行的
127	消費者行為	modern	現代的	In the afternoon they went to an exhibition of modern art.	在下午，他們去了一個現代藝術展
128	消費者行為	multi-attribute attitude models	多屬性態度模型	These are called multi-attribute attitude models because they focus on consumers’ beliefs about multiple products or brand attributes.	這些被稱為多屬性態度模型，因為它們集中於消費者對多個產品或品牌屬性信念。
129	消費者行為	negative	否定的	He gave me a negative answer.	他給我一個否定的答案
130	消費者行為	negotiate	協商	The government will not negotiate with the terrorists.	政府決不與恐怖分子談判。
131	消費者行為	nonfamily	非家庭的	Nonfamily households include unrelated people living together such as collage roommates or unmarried couples of the opposite or same sex.	非家庭住戶包括沒有關係的人同住，如室友或未婚的異性或同性夫婦。
132	消費者行為	observability	顯著的	Observability refers to the degree to which products or their effects can be sensed by other consumers.	顯著的是指可以通過其他消費者感覺到產品或其影響程度。
133	消費者行為	observer	觀察員	The United Nations sent a team of observers to the peace talks.	聯合國派出了一組觀察員出席和平談判。
134	消費者行為	operant conditioning	操作性條件反射作用	Operant conditioning is the process of altering the probability of a behavior being emitted by changing the consequences of the behavior.	操作性條件反射的過程中，通過改變行為的後果發出一個行為改變的概率。
135	消費者行為	opponent	對手	He easily defeated his opponent in the election.	他在選舉中輕鬆擊敗對手
136	消費者行為	overlook	俯瞰	The house on the hill overlooks the valley.	小山上的房子俯瞰著山谷。
137	消費者行為	participate	參加	No professionals participated in the contest.	沒有職業選手參加這一比賽。
138	消費者行為	patronage	光顧	Repeat patronage is usually desired.	重覆光顧通常是需要的
139	消費者行為	penetration pricing	滲透訂價	Penetration pricing may include a long-run plan to sequentially raise prices after introduction at a relatively low price.	滲透定價可能包括一個長期的計劃，連續提高價格後，在一個相對較低的價格引進。
140	消費者行為	perceived risks	知覺風險	Perceived risks concern the undesirable consequences that consumers want to avoid when they buy and use products.	知覺風險的擔憂，消費者要避免購買和使用產品時不良的後果。
141	消費者行為	personal selling	個人銷售	Personal selling can be a powerful promotion method for at least two reasons.	個人銷售，可以是一個強大的推廣方法至少有兩個原因。
142	消費者行為	persuasion	信念	It is my persuasion that such people should not be allowed to enter this country.	我確信這種人不應被允許進入我們的國家。
143	消費者行為	phenomenon	現象	The employment problem tends to be a city phenomenon.	就業問題常常是一個城市現象。
144	消費者行為	physical	身體的	Playing basketball is one form of physical exercise.	打籃球是體育活動的一種形式。
145	消費者行為	portrait	描寫	The film is a love story, with routine portraits of a conductor and a violinist.	那部電影是一個愛情故事, 對於樂隊指揮和小提琴手之間的愛情描寫都是老一套。
146	消費者行為	position	立場	What's your position on this problem?	你對這個問題持什麼態度?
147	消費者行為	possession utility	擁有效用	Possession utility means channels facilitate the transfer of ownership of goods to the consumer.	擁有效用是只指將商品輕易導向消費者
148	消費者行為	post-purchase perceptions	購買後的看法	Post-purchase perceptions are the consumer's thoughts about how well the product performed.	透過消費者購買後的看法可以將產品更佳化。
149	消費者行為	poverty	貧乏	His later stories are not interesting because of their poverty of imagination.	他後來寫的故事因為缺乏想像力而枯燥乏味。
150	消費者行為	pre-conscious attention	前意識注意	Attention processes vary along a continuum from a highly automatic, unconscious level called preconscious attention to a controlled, conscious level called focal attention.	注意過程變化以及連續從一個高度自動化的，無意識的受控，有意識的水平，被稱為前意識注意。
151	消費者行為	pre-purchase expectation	售前期望	Pre-purchase expectations are the consumer's beliefs about anticipated performance of the product.	售前期望是消費者對產品的預期性能的信念
152	消費者行為	prestige	名望	Does she have enough prestige to win the nomination?	她有足夠的威望贏得提名嗎?
153	消費者行為	privilege	恩典	It is a great privilege to know you.	認識你真是莫大的榮幸
154	消費者行為	proprietary	專利的	For grease marks try a proprietary dry cleaner.	若要去除油污, 可以試試一種專利乾洗劑。
155	消費者行為	provide	提供	The law provides that these ancient buildings must be preserved	法律規定, 這些古老的建築應該保存。
156	消費者行為	psychographic segmentation	心理市場區隔	Psychographic segmentation divides markets on differences in consumer lifestyles.	心理市場的區隔劃分為消費者生活方式的差異
157	消費者行為	publicity	宣導	The company has launched a campaign of publicity for a new car.	公司為它的新型汽車大作宣傳
158	消費者行為	punishment	處罰	My punishment for littering was several hours of picking up trash.	我因亂扔雜物而受到的處罰是撿幾小時垃圾。
159	消費者行為	pricing	價格	Prices keep going up.	物價持續上漲
160	消費者行為	ratio	比率	The ratio of students to teachers is 35: 1.	老師和學生的比率是35比1
161	消費者行為	recommend	推薦	Can you recommend some new books on this subject?	你能推薦一些有關這個學科的新書給我嗎?
162	消費者行為	reference	涉及	The boss didn't make any reference to his former employer.	老板沒有提及他以前的雇主。
163	消費者行為	regression Models	迴歸模型	Regression models are commonly used to investigate the factors that affect the profitability of retail outlets at particular sites.	常用的回歸模型，以探討影響因素，在特定地點零售店的盈利。
164	消費者行為	relevant	有關的	Consumers’ relevant knowledge in memory about the choice domain is an important element in problem solving.	消費者內存的相關知識是有關解決問題的重要元素。
165	消費者行為	reproduction	再生	The trees will propagate themselves by the reproduction of their seed.	樹木將傳播他們的種子繁殖。
166	消費者行為	resistance	抵抗	She made a stouter resistance than the thief had anticipated.	她的抵抗比強盜預料的要強。
167	消費者行為	restriction	限制	The swimming club is open to families in the neighborhood without restriction.	這個游泳俱樂部對鄰近地區的家庭開放, 不受限制。
168	消費者行為	restructuring	重建	Restructuring involves the revision of the entire associative network of knowledge.	重建涉及整個知識關聯網絡的修訂
169	消費者行為	revision	修訂	A revision of that dictionary has been published.	那本詞典的修訂本已經出版。
170	消費者行為	ritual	儀式	She went through her usual ritual of making sure all the doors were locked before she went to bed.	她上床之前按慣例檢查一下所有的門是不是都鎖上了。
171	消費者行為	routinized	常規化	Routinized choice behavior—such as buying another Pepsi from the vending machine down the hall or purchasing a package of gum at the checkout counter—occurs relatively automatically with little or no apparent cognitive processing.	日常選擇的行為，如從自動售貨機購買另一個百事可樂在大廳或在收銀台購買一包口香糖，出現相對很少或根本沒有明顯的認知加工自動
172	消費者行為	sales promotions	促銷活動	Sales promotions are direct inducements to the consumer to make a purchase.	促銷活動是消費者購買的直接誘因。
173	消費者行為	sanction	批准	Official sanction has not yet been given.	尚未獲得正式批准。
174	消費者行為	available	有效的	This film ticket is no longer available.	這張電影票不在有效
175	消費者行為	scenery	風景	The mountain scenery is majestic.	這山景十分壯麗
176	消費者行為	scent	氣味	Scents in stores can influence consumer affect, cognition, and behavior.	在商店的氣味可以影響消費者的情感，認知和行為。
177	消費者行為	script	手跡	I received a letter from her in her neat script.	我收到她的字體很工整的來信。
178	消費者行為	schedule	計劃表	They have planned a tight schedule of travel.	他們安排了一個緊湊的旅行行程
179	消費者行為	segmentation strategy	分割策略	The appropriate segmentation strategy can be considered.	可以考慮分割策略
180	消費者行為	shaping	成型	The sculptor is shaping the clay into the shape of a woman.	雕刻家將泥土捏成一個女生的型狀
181	消費者行為	simplicity	簡單	Simplicity refers to the degree to which a product is easy for a consumer to understand and use.	簡單，是指產品在何種程度上使消費者容易理解和使用。
182	消費者行為	situation	處境	The economic situation is now different.	現在的經濟行式不同了
183	消費者行為	situational self-relevance	自我相關情境	Situational self-relevance is determined by aspects of the immediate physical and social environment that activate important consequences and values.	情境自我相關決定通過激活重要的後果和價值觀方面的直接的物質和社會環境。
184	消費者行為	skimming pricing	撇取訂價	Skimming pricing may include a long-run plan to systematically lower prices after a high-price introduction.	撇取訂價可能包括一個長期的計劃，有系統地降低價格後，高價引進。
185	消費者行為	speed	速度	You work with amazing speed.	你工作起來速度奇快
186	消費者行為	sponsor	發起	Two Virginian Congressmen sponsored the bill.	兩位弗吉尼亞國會議員提出這一議案。
187	消費者行為	spreading activation	延伸作用	Consumers have little control over this process of spreading activation, which occurs unconsciously and automatically.	消費者有過這種延伸作用的過程中，所發生的無意識和自動地。
188	消費者行為	starvation	饑餓	The old woman died of starvation.	老婦人活活被餓死
189	消費者行為	store image	商店形象	For our purposes, we will treat store image as what consumer think about a particular store.	對我們而言，商店形象就是消費者認為一個特定的商店。
190	消費者行為	subjective	主觀的	The subjective or social norm component reflects consumers’ perceptions of what they think other people want them to do.	主觀或社會規範的組成部分，反映消費者的看法，他們認為其他人希望他們做什麼。
191	消費者行為	suffrage	投票	When was universal suffrage introduced in your country?	你們國家是什麼時候開始賦予公民普選權的?
192	消費者行為	symbolic	象徵	The snake is symbolic of evil.	蛇象徵邪惡
193	消費者行為	theory of reasoned action	理性的行動理論	The model is called a theory of reasoned action because it assumes that consumers consciously consider the consequences of the alternative behaviors under consideration and choose the one that leads to the most desirable consequences.	該模式被稱為理性行動理論，因為它假定消費者有意識地考慮正在審議的替代行為的後果，並導致選擇一個最刻意的後果。
194	消費者行為	treaty	條約	The government has signed a treaty with Washington.	政府已與華盛頓簽約
195	消費者行為	unconscious	無意識	Another important characteristic of our cognitive systems is that much of its operations are unconscious.	我們認知系統的另一個重要特點是，其運作多是無意識的。
196	消費者行為	unpleasant	不愉快	The smell was unpleasant.	這氣味很難聞
197	消費者行為	variety seeking	各種追求	Variety seeking is a cognitive commitment to purchase different brands because of such thing as the stimulation involved in trying different things.	各種追求的是一種認知的承諾，購買不同的品牌，因為這樣的事情在嘗試不同的東西所涉及的刺激。
198	消費者行為	verbal	口語的	I wrote a memorandum to confirm our verbal agreement.	我寫了份備忘錄以確認我們的口頭協議。
199	消費者行為	wisdom	智慧	I would question the wisdom of borrowing such a large sum of money.	我懷疑借這麼一大筆錢是否明智
200	消費者行為	withdraw	抽回	The government withdraws worn out money from use.	政府收回舊幣使之不再流通。
1	品牌行銷	3-D marketing	三維行銷	3-D marketing emphasizes three product or service benefit dimensions.	三維行銷強調三類產品或服務利益的構面.
2	品牌行銷	advertising	廣告	Another set of cost advantages arise from uniformity in packaging, advertising, promotion, and other marketing communication activities.	另一種成本優勢來自包裝、廣告、促銷，與其他行銷溝通活動的一致化.
3	品牌行銷	aided recall	協助式回想	Aided recall uses various types of cues to help consumer recall.	協助式回想則使用多種線索來幫助消費者回想.
4	品牌行銷	associative network memory model	聯想網絡記憶模式	The associative network memory model views memory as consisting of a network of nodes and connecting links, in which nodes represent stored information or concepts.	聯想網絡記憶模式將寄意是做由節點與連結線所組成的網路結構,節點表是以儲存的資訊或概念.
5	品牌行銷	attribution-perception biased component	屬性知覺偏誤組成	The attribution-perception biased component of brand equity is the difference between subjectively perceived attribute values and objectively measured attribute values.	品牌權益的屬性知覺偏誤組成部分為主觀的知覺屬性價值,與客觀的知覺屬性價值之間的差異.
6	品牌行銷	augmented product level	擴充產品層級	The augmented level includes additional product attributes, benefits, or related services that distinguish the product from competitors.	擴充產品層級指包含能夠與競爭者加以區別的額外產品屬性、利益或相關服務.
7	品牌行銷	behavioral loyalty	行為忠誠	Gauge behavioral loyalty in terms of repeat purchases and the amount or share of category volume attributed to the brand, that is , the "share of category requirements".	行為忠誠是重複購買的頻率與數量,亦即品牌在消費者該"品類知消費的佔有率".
8	品牌行銷	beliefs	信念	Beliefs are descriptive thoughts that a person holds about something.	信念是描述一個人堅持某些事物的想法.
9	品牌行銷	brand	品牌	A brand is a name,term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods.	品牌是名稱、術語、符號、象徵、設計或以上的組合.
10	品牌行銷	brand attributes	品牌屬性	Brand attributes are those descriptive features that characterize a product or service.	品牌屬性指形成產品或服務特徵的描述性特點.
11	品牌行銷	brand audit	品牌稽核	A brand audit is a comprehensive examination of a brand to assess its health, uncover its sources of equity, and suggest ways to improve and leverage that equity.	品牌稽核是全面評估品牌健康與否、了解品牌權益來源,及找出改進或槓桿借用此品牌權益的建議.
12	品牌行銷	brand awareness	品牌覺察	Brand awareness is related to the strength of the brand node or trace in memory, which we can measure as the consumer's ability to identify the brand under different conditions.	品牌察覺是與記憶中品牌節點強度有關,可透過在不同情境下,消費者所能夠回憶辨認品牌的程度來衡量.
13	品牌行銷	brand benefits	品牌利益	Brand benefits are the personal value and meaning that consumers attach to the product or service attributes.	品牌利益則是消費者附加在產品或服務屬性上的個人價值與意義.
14	品牌行銷	brand concepts	品牌概念	They define brand concepts as the brand-unique image associations that arise from a particular combination of attributes, and the marketing efforts used to translate these attributes into higher-order meanings.	品牌概念為品牌獨特的形象聯想,結合屬性、利益,以及可以用來轉換這些屬興致較高層次的意涵之行銷努力.
15	品牌行銷	brand concepts consistency	品牌概念一致性	Brand concepts consistency measures how well the brand concept accommodates the extension product.	品牌概念一致性是指衡量母品牌在概念上包容延伸品的程度為何.
16	品牌行銷	brand concepts management	品牌概念管理	Brand concepts management for selecting and implementing consists of a sequential process of selecting, introducing, elaborating, and fortifying a brand concept.	對於品牌概念管理的選擇與執行包括一系列的挑選、介紹、製作與增強品牌概念的流程。
17	品牌行銷	brand credibility	品牌信用	Brand credibility describes the extent to which customers see the brand as credible in terms of three dimensions:perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and likeability.	品牌信用描述顧客是品牌的可信度,是由其知覺到的專業性、可靠性和討人喜好性這三個構面所構成.
18	品牌行銷	brand development	品牌發展	The most fundamental guideline is to recognize that international markets can vary in terms of brand development, consumer behavior, marketing infrastructure, competitive activity, legal restrictions, and so on.	了解國際市場最基本的概念是品牌發展、消費者行為、行銷機制系統、競爭活動、法律限制等皆可能產生變化.
19	品牌行銷	brand elements	品牌元素	These different components of a brand that identify and differentiate it are brand elements.	這些用來辨識貨區別品牌的組成,稱之為品牌元素.
20	品牌行銷	brand endorsement strategy	品牌背書策略	A brand endorsement strategy is in operation when a brand element appears on the package, signage, or product appearance in some way but is not directly included as part of the brand name.	採用品牌背書策略,是指品牌元素以某種方式出現在包裝、招牌或產品外觀上,但並不值皆屬於品牌名稱的一環,通常這類獨特的品牌元素是企業品牌名稱或標誌.
21	品牌行銷	brand equity	品牌權益	Brand equity has meant both good news and bad news to marketers.	品牌權益意謂著好壞參半的訊息.
22	品牌行銷	brand equity charter	品牌權益章程	A global brand equity management system defines the brand equity charter in a global context.	全球品牌權益管理系統,應以全球背景定義品牌權益章程.
23	品牌行銷	brand equity measurement system	品牌權益衡量系統	A brand equity measurement system is a set of research procedure decisions to provide marketers with timely, accurate, and actionable information on brands so they can make the best possible tactical decisions in the short run and strategic decisions in the long run.	品牌權益衡量系統是一組提供行銷執行者即時、精確且有用的研究程序,使行銷執行者能夠在短期戰術,和長期策略做出最佳決策.
24	品牌行銷	brand exploratory	品牌探究	The brand exploratory often employs qualitative research techniques.	品牌探究時常使用的質性研究技術.
25	品牌行銷	brand extension	品牌延伸	A brand extension occurs when a firm uses an established brand name to introduce a new product.	品牌延伸指廠商利用現有品牌名稱推出新產品,意即方法二或三.
26	品牌行銷	brand feelings	品牌感受	Brand feelings are customers' emotional responses and reactions to the brand.	品牌感受是消費者對於品牌的情感回應與行動.
27	品牌行銷	brand functions	品牌功能	The brand functions term describes the nature of the product or service or the type of experiences or benefits the brand provides.	品牌功能意指品牌提供的產品或服務,或利意與體驗的內涵,包括具體的文字反應出的產品類別到抽象的意念.
28	品牌行銷	brand hierarchy	品牌階層	The brand hierarchy displays the number and nature of common and distinctive brand components across the firm's products.	品牌階層則描繪跨品類的各種品牌元素間共同與異同的關係.
29	品牌行銷	brand identity	品牌識別體	The entire set of brand elements makes up the brand identity, the contribution of all brand elements to awareness and image.	整體品牌元素可視為品牌識別體的組成,主要目的在於提升品牌察覺代表的品牌印象.
30	品牌行銷	brand image	品牌形象	Brand image is consumers' perceptions about a brand, as reflected by the brand associations held in consumer memory.	品牌形象是消費者對於品牌的知覺,及反映在消費者記憶當中與品牌結點相連結的品牌聯想.
31	品牌行銷	brand inventory	品牌盤查	The purpose of the brand inventory is to provide a current, comprehensive profile of how all the products and services sold by a company are marketed and branded.	品牌盤查的目的在於提供即時、正確的品牌訊息,信息內容包含了解所有產品及服務如何進行品牌塑造與行銷.
32	品牌行銷	brand judgments	品牌判斷	Brand judgments are customers' personal opinions about and evaluations of the brand,which consumers form by putting together all the different brand performance and imagery associations.	品牌判斷是消費者對於品牌評估所產生的個人意見,此結合所有不同的品牌聯想、品牌功效與品牌意象.
33	品牌行銷	brand knowledge	品牌知識	Customer-based brand equity is the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand.	以顧客為本的品牌權益定義為,顧客腦海中的品牌知識以及對行銷活動的回應之差異效果.
34	品牌行銷	brand line	品牌線	A brand line consists of all products－original as well as line and category extensions－sold under a particular brand.	每一列代表某一品牌線是指某一特定品牌內的所有產品,包含品牌線及品類延伸品.
35	品牌行銷	brand line campaigns	品牌線活動	Brand line campaigns emphasize the breadth of products associated with the brand.	品牌線活動強調與品牌相關的產品寬度.
36	品牌行銷	brand mantra	品牌箴言	A brand mantra is also known as a brand essence or core brand promise.	品牌箴言又稱品牌要旨或核心品牌承諾.
37	品牌行銷	brand migration strategy	品牌轉移策略	Marketers may need to create brand migration strategy to attract new and retain existing customers through brand and family life cycles.	行銷執行者需要發展品牌轉移策略,即透過品牌生命週期的變化嶄新與維持既存的顧客.
38	品牌行銷	brand performance	品牌功效	Brand performance describes how well the product or service meets customers' functional needs.	品牌功效代表產品或服務符合顧客功能性需求的程度.
39	品牌行銷	brand portfolio	品牌組合	The brand portfolio is the set of all brands and lines that a particular firm offers for sale to buyers in a particular category.	品牌組合係指公司在某一品類裡提供買者的所有品牌與品牌線的組合.
40	品牌行銷	brand positioning	品牌定位	Brand positioning is at the heart of marketing strategy.	品牌定位是行銷策略的核心
41	品牌行銷	brand recognition	品牌辨識	Brand recognition is consumers' ability to confirm prior exposure to the brand when given the brand as a cue.	品牌辨識是當給予某一品牌一既定線索時,消費者能確定該品牌的能力.
42	品牌行銷	brand relationship quality	品牌關係品質	It defines a brand's strength in terms of the strength, depth, and durability of the consumer-brand relational bond using the multifaceted concept of brand relationship quality, or BRQ.	品牌強度為消費者與品牌關係連結的強度、深度和持續呈度,並使用品牌關係品質此多重構面概念來描述之.
43	品牌行銷	brand resonance	品牌共鳴	Brand resonance describes the nature of the relationship and the extent to which customers feel that they are "in sync" with the brand.	品牌共鳴是指顧客與品牌關係的特性,亦即顧客與品牌共舞的感受程度.
44	品牌行銷	brand salience	品牌突顯	Brand salience measures awareness of the brand, for example, how often and how easily the brand is evoked under various situations or circumstances.	品牌凸顯衡量的是品牌察覺,即在不同情境與環境下,品牌能被消費者回想起的頻率與容易程度為何.
45	品牌行銷	brand valuation	品牌計價	Brand valuation and the "brand on the balance sheet" debate are controversial subjects.	品牌計價與「將品牌放在資產負債上」的爭論,是非常具爭議性的議題.
46	品牌行銷	brand value chain	品牌價值鏈	The brand value chain is a means to trace the value creation process for brands, to better understand the financial impact of brand marketing expenditures and investments.	品牌價值鏈可用來追蹤品牌價值創造過程,及對行銷費用與財務投資有更深入的了解.
47	品牌行銷	brand variants	品牌變項	Shugan refers to brand variants as branded items in a diverse set of durable and semi-durable goods categories that are not directly comparable to other items carrying the same brand name.	學者Shugan將品牌變項定義為再耐久財與半耐久財品類裡,在相同的品牌名稱下,那些無法被直接比較的品牌化項目.
48	品牌行銷	brand-based comparative approaches	品牌基準比較法	Brand-based comparative approaches use experiments in which one group of consumers responds to an element of the marketing program or some marketing activity when it is attributed to the target brand, and another group responds to that same element or activity when it is attributed to a competitive or fictitiously named brand.	品牌基準比較法使用各種實驗探究,例如某一群消費者對目標品牌的行銷活動刺激所做的回應,與其他群消費者對競爭品牌,或虛構品牌的相同行銷活動刺激做的回應之比較.
49	品牌行銷	branding strategy	品牌建構策略	Branding strategy for a firm tells marketers which brand names, logos, symbols, and so forth to apply to which new and existing products.	品牌建構策略指行銷執行者如何將品牌名稱、標誌、符號等應用到新產品或現有產品組合.
50	品牌行銷	brand-product matrix	品牌-產品矩陣	The brand-product matrix is a graphical representation of all the brands and products sold by the firm.	品牌-產品矩陣是以圖形方程式呈現廠商所有販售的品牌與產品.
51	品牌行銷	buzz marking	口碑行銷	Increasingly, companies are attempting to create consumer word of mouth through various techniques often called buzz marketing.	如今愈來愈多公司市圖透過各種方事,創造消費者口碑,稱為口碑行銷.
52	品牌行銷	category points of parity	品類類同點	Category points of parity represent necessary－but not necessarily sufficient－conditions for brand choice.	品類類同點是品牌選擇的必要條件,而非充分條件.
53	品牌行銷	cause-related marketing	善因行銷	The 1980s saw the advent of cause-related marketing.	善因行銷出現在80年代.
54	品牌行銷	centralization	中央制	In general, firms tend to adopt a combination of centralization and decentralization to better balance local adaptation and global standardization.	通常,企業會傾向採用中央制和分權制的結合方式,以取得當地調適化和全球標準化的平衡.
55	品牌行銷	commodity	大眾化商品	A commodity is a product so basic that is cannot be physically differentiated in the minds of consumers.	大眾化商品是非常普及,以至於無法在消費者腦中產生實體差異的商品.
56	品牌行銷	commonality	共通性	A commonality leveraging strategy makes sense when consumers have associations to another entity that are congruent with desired brand associations.	共通性槓桿借用策略指當消費者對某一個體的聯想與其渴望的品牌聯想同時稱之.
57	品牌行銷	competitive activity	競爭活動	The most fundamental guideline is to recognize that international markets can vary in terms of brand development, consumer behavior, marketing infrastructure, competitive activity, legal restrictions, and so on.	了解國際市場最基本的概念是品牌發展、消費者行為、行銷機制系統、競爭活動、法律限制等皆可能產生變化.
58	品牌行銷	competitive points of parity	競爭類同點	Competitive points of parity are those associations designed to negate competitors' points of difference.	競爭類同點主要用來弱化競爭者所提出的類異點.
59	品牌行銷	complementarily	互補性	Complementarily of branding strategies can be strategically critical in terms of delivering the desired position.	互補性品牌打造策略在傳遞欲求的定為概念時特別關鍵.
60	品牌行銷	conjoint analysis	聯合分析法	Conjoint analysis is a survey-brand multivariate technique that enables marketers to profile the consumer decision process with respect to products and brand.	聯合分析法是以調查為基礎的多變量技術,能夠讓行銷執行者描繪出消費者預期的產品,和品牌決策過程.
61	品牌行銷	consideration set	考慮集	Raising brand awareness increases the likelihood that the brand will be a member of the consideration set, the handful of brands that receive serious consideration for purchase.	提高品牌知名度,增加產品進入可慮集的機會,在購買決策時,符合消費者初步篩選標準的品牌所構成的集合.
62	品牌行銷	consumer	消費者	Consumer broadly encompasses all types of customers, including individuals as well as organizations.	消費者一詞包括個人及組織類型的顧客.
63	品牌行銷	consumer behavior	消費者行為	The most fundamental guideline is to recognize that international markets can vary in terms of brand development, consumer behavior, marketing infrastructure, competitive activity, legal restrictions, and so on.	了解國際市場最基本的概念是品牌發展、消費者行為、行銷機制系統、競爭活動、法律限制等皆可能產生變化.
64	品牌行銷	copy testing	文案測試	To evaluate the effectiveness of message and creative strategies, copy testing is often conducted in which a sample of consumers is exposed to candidate ads and their reactions are gauged in some manner.	在評估訊息策略與創意策略時,同常會選擇一組消費者樣本進行文案測試,讓他們暴露於某一候選的廣告,判斷其反應.
65	品牌行銷	core benefit level	核心利益層級	The core benefit level is the fundamental need or want that consumers satisfy by consuming the product or service.	核心利益層級指消費者透過消費產品或服務所得到的基本需要或慾望的滿足
66	品牌行銷	core brand association	核心品牌聯想	Core brand associations are that subset of associations (attributes and benefits) that best characterize a brand.	核心品牌聯想是指最能代表品牌特徵、屬性與利益的聯想集合.
67	品牌行銷	corporate brand equity	企業品牌權益	Corporate brand equity is the differential response by consumers, customers, employees, other firms, or any relevant constituency to the words, actions, communication, product, or services provided by an identified corporate brand.	企業品牌權益係指消費者、顧客、員工、廠商或任何利益關係者對企業品牌實際體的文字、活動、溝通、產品或服務的回應.
68	品牌行銷	corporate credibility	企業信用	Corporate credibility measures the extent to which consumers believe a firm can design and deliver products and services that satisfy customer needs and wants.	企業信用定義為,衡量消費者相信廠商能夠設計與傳遞正確的產品與服務,來滿足消費者的需求與欲求的程度.
69	品牌行銷	corporate image campaigns	企業形項活動	Corporate image campaigns are designed to create associations to the corporate brand as a whole and, consequently tend to ignore or downplay individual products or sub-brand in the process.	企業形項活動的設計主要是創造企業品牌聯想,因此過程中會忽略各別品牌或副品牌.
70	品牌行銷	corporate or company brand	企業或公司品牌	The highest level of the hierarchy technically always consists of one brand－the corporate or company brand.	品牌階層的最高階層通常都是企業或公司品牌.
71	品牌行銷	corporate/product relationships	企業/產品關係	Corporate/product relationships are the approach a firm follows in communicating the relationship of its products to one another and to the corporate entity.	企業/產品關係定義為廠商溝通產品與產品之間的關係,以及產品與公司個體間之關係的方法.
72	品牌行銷	credence goods	信用品	For credence goods like insurance coverage, consumers may rarely learn product attributes.	信任品只消費者難以辨認其屬性的產品(如保險理賠).
73	品牌行銷	customer-based brand equity	以顧客為本的品牌權益	Customer-based brand equity is the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand.	以顧客為本的品牌權益定義為,顧客腦海中的品牌知識以及對行銷活動的回應之差異效果.
74	品牌行銷	customer-focused corporate image association	以客為尊的企業形象聯想	A customer-focused corporate image association creates consumer perceptions of a company as responsive to and caring about its customers.	以客為尊的企業形象聯想能創造消費者對企業之顧客關心與回應知覺.
75	品牌行銷	decentralization	分權制	In general, firms tend to adopt a combination of centralization and decentralization to better balance local adaptation and global standardization	通常,企業會傾向採用中央制和分權制的結合方式,以取得當地調適化和全球標準化的平衡.
76	品牌行銷	deliverability	可傳遞性	Deliverability depends on three factors.	可傳遞性來自三種不同因素.
77	品牌行銷	demand-side method	需求面法	The demand-side method focuses on reported exposure from consumers.	需求面法聚焦在消費者回應的曝光率.
78	品牌行銷	descriptive modifier	描述性限定詞	The descriptive modifier further clarifies its nature.	描述性限定詞進一步將品牌的本質予以分類.
79	品牌行銷	desirability	渴求性	Desirability depends on three factors.	渴求性來自三種不同因素.
80	品牌行銷	direct channels	直接通路	Direct channels mean selling through personal contacts from the company to prospective customers by mail, phone, electronic means, in-person visits, and so forth.	直接通路指的是公司藉由郵件、電話、電子方式、人員拜訪以及其他人員接觸的方式對潛在顧客做進行銷售.
81	品牌行銷	discount brands	折扣品牌	Many firms are introducing discount brands as flankers to better compete with store brands and private labels.	許多廠商為了與連鎖零售業者的商店品牌和私有品牌,所已導入如側翼品牌的折扣品牌.
82	品牌行銷	diverting	轉售	With diverting, retailers pass along or sell the discounted products to retailers outside the designated selling area.	藉由轉售－將折扣產品賣到非指定促銷區域外的零售商.
83	品牌行銷	durability	耐用性	Durability is the expected economic life of the product.	耐用性是消費者所預期的產品壽命.
84	品牌行銷	elaboration stage	闡釋階段	In the elaboration stage, strategies focus on enhancing the value of the brand's image so that the firm can establish or sustain its perceived superiority to competitors.	在闡釋階段,定位策略專注在提升品牌形象的價值,使公司能建立或證明自己比競爭者更優越.
85	品牌行銷	emotional modifier	情感性限定詞	The emotional modifier provides another qualifier－how exactly does the brand provide benefits.	情感性限定詞提供另一個指標,品牌最忠所欲提供的價值性利益與方式.
86	品牌行銷	encoding variability principle	編碼變異性原則	The encoding variability principle in psychology argues that presenting information in varied contexts causes information to be encoded in slightly different ways.	心理學的編碼變異性原則主張,在不同的情況下所呈現出來的資訊,會造成訊息以稍微不同的方式被編碼.
87	品牌行銷	environmentally concerned corporate image association	關懷環境的公司形象聯想	An environmentally concerned corporate image association creates consumer perceptions of a company as developing marketing programs to protect or improve the environment and make more effective use of scarce natural resources.	關懷環境的公司形象聯想使消費者產生企業是致力於發展保護或改善環境,或企業是更有效地使用稀有天然資源的知覺.
88	品牌行銷	equalization price	等值價格	The equalization price is the price that equates the utility of a brand to the utilities that could be attributed to a brand in the category where no brand differentiation occurred.	等值價格在品類中沒有品牌差異下完全歸因於某品牌效用的價格,此等價格可視為品牌權益的替代.
89	品牌行銷	event marketing	事件行銷	Event marketing is public sponsorship of events or activities related to sports, art, entertainment, or social causes.	事件行銷市指與運動、藝術、娛樂或社交活動相關的事件或活動之公開贊助.
90	品牌行銷	everyday low pricing	每日最低價	Everyday low pricing has received increased attention as a means of determining price discounts and promotions over time.	每日最低價已逐漸受到重視,並成為長期價格折扣與促銷的一種方法.
91	品牌行銷	exemplar	參考樣本	This exemplar may be the category leader or some other brand that consumers feel is representative of the category, like their most preferred brand.	參考樣本可能是此品類的領導者,或是消費主觀認定的某一偏好品牌,做為此品類的代表者.
92	品牌行銷	expectancy-value model	期望價值模型	This expectancy-value model views brand attitudes as a multiplicative function.	期望價值模型式品牌態度為一組多重函數.
93	品牌行銷	expected product level	期望產品層級	The expected product level is a set of attributes or characteristics that buyers normally expect and agree to when they purchase a product.	期望產品層級指當買方購買產品時,所期望與同意的一組產品屬性或特徵.
94	品牌行銷	experience goods	經驗品	Experience goods like automobile tires cannot be assessed so easily by inspection, and actual product trial and experience is necessary to judge durability, service quality, safety, and ease of handling or use.	經驗品是消費者無法輕易從外觀上判斷屬性,必須實際進行產品是用或操作(如是否堅固耐用、安全或容易使用),如汽車輪胎.
95	品牌行銷	experiential concept	體驗性概念	A brand with an experiential concept is one designed to fulfill these internally generated needs for stimulation or variety.	具有體驗性概念的品牌,其品牌意涵被設計為,滿足這些由內部產生的刺激或多樣性需求.
96	品牌行銷	experiential marketing	體驗行銷	Experiential marketing promotes a product by not only communicating a product's features and benefits but also connecting it with unique and interesting experiences.	體驗行銷所提倡的不僅是溝通的一項產品的特色與利益,更將產品與獨特有趣的經驗做連結.
97	品牌行銷	family brand	家族品牌	A family brand is used in more than one product category but is not necessarily the name of the company or corporation.	家族品牌通常使用在超過單一品類上,但是並不一定使用公司名稱.
98	品牌行銷	fighter brands	打手品牌	In designing fighter brands, marketers must walk a fine line.	行銷執行者設計打手品牌時,必須非常小心謹慎.
99	品牌行銷	flagship brands	旗艦品牌	The purpose of flanker brands typically is to create stronger points of parity with competitors' brands so that more important flagship brands can retain their desired positioning.	側翼品牌的目的是創造比競爭品牌更強而有力的類同點,來維持更重要旗艦品牌的定位.
100	品牌行銷	flanker brands	側翼品牌	The purpose of flanker brands typically is to create stronger points of parity with competitors' brands so that more important flagship brands can retain their desired positioning.	側翼品牌的目的是創造比競爭品牌更強而有力的類同點,來維持更重要旗艦品牌的定位.
101	品牌行銷	fortification stage	強化階段	The fortification stage, the aim is to link an elaborated brand image to the image of the firm's other products in different product classes.	強化階段,目標在於仔細經營強化品牌形象,和與公司其他層級的產品形象連結在一起.
102	品牌行銷	forward buying	提前採購	With forward buying, retailers order more product than they plan to sell during the promotional period so that they can later obtain a bigger margin by selling the remaining goods at the regular price after the promotional period has expired.	零售商藉由提前採購訂購超出原先預期在促銷時間內能銷售的數量,在促銷期過後,再以原價銷售剩餘的產品以獲取更多利潤.
103	品牌行銷	function concept	功能性概念	A brand with a functional concept is one designed to solve externally generated consumption needs.	功能性概念的品牌,其品牌意涵被設計為,解決消費者外部產生的消費需求.
104	品牌行銷	function-oriented brands	功能導向品牌	Function-oriented brands have dominant associations relating to product performance.	功能導向品牌主要的聯想在於產品功效.
105	品牌行銷	generic product level	基本產品層級	The generic product level is a basic version of the product containing only those attributes or characteristics absolutely necessary for its functioning but with no distinguishing features.	基本產品層級僅包含必要的產品屬性與特徵,但並沒有可區別的特點.
106	品牌行銷	geographic footprint	地理區域覆蓋	This measure relies on extensive competitive benchmarking and a structured evaluation of the brand's market, stability, leadership position, growth trend, support, geographic footprint, and legal protectability.	這個衡量是基於大規模競爭平台比較以及品牌的市場、領先地位、成長趨勢、公司支援、地理區域覆蓋和法律保護性等評價.
107	品牌行銷	global ad campaign	全球廣告活動	One of the challenges in developing a global ad campaign is the maze of constantly changing legal restrictions that exist from country to country.	發展全球廣告活動的其中一項挑戰為,國家與國家間法律規範的不一致性.
108	品牌行銷	goodwill	商譽	Goodwill includes things such as patents, trademarks, and licensing agreements, as well as "softer" considerations such as the skill of the management and customer relations.	商譽包括如專利權、商標、授權合約及"軟"性的考量.
109	品牌行銷	green marketing	綠色行銷	A special case of cause marketing is green marketing.	善因行銷最特殊的案例就是綠色行銷.
110	品牌行銷	growth trend	成長趨勢	This measure relies on extensive competitive benchmarking and a structured evaluation of the brand's market, stability, leadership position, growth trend, support, geographic footprint, and legal protectability.	這個衡量是基於大規模競爭平台比較以及品牌的市場、領先地位、成長趨勢、公司支援、地理區域覆蓋和法律保護性等評價.
111	品牌行銷	heuristic	啟發式	In such cases, consumers will use whatever shortcut or heuristic they can come up with to make their decisions in the best manner possible.	舉例來說,儘管廠商花大錢做廣告,但仍有少數消費者不清楚不同品牌的汽油間究竟有何差異.
112	品牌行銷	holistic methods	整體法	Holistic methods place an overall value on the brand in either abstract utility terms or concrete financial terms.	整體法是用來評價品牌整體的抽象效益,或實際的財物價值.
113	品牌行銷	indirect channels	間接通路	Indirect channels sell through third-party intermediaries such as agents or broker representatives, wholesalers or distributors, and retailers or dealers.	間接通路則指透過代理商或中間代表、批發商、配銷商以及零售商第三方中間商進行銷售.
114	品牌行銷	individual brand	個別品牌	An individual brand is a brand restricted to essentially one product category although it may be used for several different product types within the category.	個別品牌僅侷限在單一類品中,雖然個別品牌可以使用在該品類中不同的產品形態上.
115	品牌行銷	innovate	創新	Companies that wish to maintain leadership positions must continually innovate.	由於消費者品味不斷的改變加上同業的激烈競爭,公司唯有透過持續創新才能維持市場的領導地位.
116	品牌行銷	intangible assets	無形資產	Intangible assets, on the other hand, are any factors of production or specialized resources that permit the company to earn cash flows in excess of the return on tangible assets.	無形資產指公司獲得超過有形資產報酬的現金流入之任何專業資源.
117	品牌行銷	intangible earning	無形資產營收	Measure the proportion of intangible earnings attributable to the brand by an indicator referred to as the role of branding index.	藉由品牌指引角色的指標來衡量可歸因於品牌之無形資產營收的比例.
118	品牌行銷	jingles	代表曲	Jingles are musical messages written around the brand.	代表曲是一首專為品牌量身打造的音樂旋律.
119	品牌行銷	leadership position	領先地位	This measure relies on extensive competitive benchmarking and a structured evaluation of the brand's market, stability, leadership position, growth trend, support, geographic footprint, and legal protectability.	這個衡量是基於大規模競爭平台比較以及品牌的市場、領先地位、成長趨勢、公司支援、地理區域覆蓋和法律保護性等評價.
120	品牌行銷	legal protect-ability	法律保護性	This measure relies on extensive competitive benchmarking and a structured evaluation of the brand's market, stability, leadership position, growth trend, support, geographic footprint, and legal protect-ability.	這個衡量是基於大規模競爭平台比較以及品牌的市場、領先地位、成長趨勢、公司支援、地理區域覆蓋和法律保護性等評價.
121	品牌行銷	legal restrictions	法律限制	The most fundamental guideline is to recognize that international markets can vary in terms of brand development, consumer behavior, marketing infrastructure, competitive activity, legal restrictions, and so on.	了解國際市場最基本的概念是品牌發展、消費者行為、行銷機制系統、競爭活動、法律限制等皆可能產生變化.
122	品牌行銷	life cycle	生命週期	Products may be at different stages of their life cycle in different countries.	在不同國家中產品也許會落在產品生命週期中的不同階段.
123	品牌行銷	line extensions	品牌線延伸品	Many brands introduce line extensions or brand variants in a certain product category that vary in price and quality.	許多品牌在某些品類上,導入品牌線延伸品可以增加價格與品質的變化.
124	品牌行銷	low-priced brand	低價品牌	The role of a relatively low-priced brand portfolio often may be to attract customers to the brand franchise.	品牌組合中低價品牌能吸引消費者加入品牌使用.
125	品牌行銷	loyalty programs	忠誠方案	Loyalty or frequency programs have become one popular means by which marketers can create stronger ties to customers.	忠誠方案已逐漸成為廣泛的行銷方法,行銷執行者藉此與顧客建立更穩固的關係.
126	品牌行銷	market segmentation	市場區隔	Market segmentation divides the market into distinct groups of homogeneous consumers who have similar needs and consumer behavior, and who thus require similar marketing mixes.	市場區隔,指將市場劃分成不同的族群,各族群包含同質性的高消費者,他們具有相似的需求及消費行為,廠商依此提供相似的行銷組合.
127	品牌行銷	marketing channels	行銷通路	Marketing channels are defined as "Sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption."	行銷通路的定義為提供產品或服務供使用或消費過程中的一群互賴組織.
128	品牌行銷	marketing communication activities	行銷溝通活動	Another set of cost advantages arise from uniformity in packaging, advertising, promotion, and other marketing communication activities.	另一種成本優勢來自包裝、廣告、促銷，與其他行銷溝通活動的一致化.
129	品牌行銷	marketing infrastructure	行銷機制系統	The most fundamental guideline is to recognize that international markets can vary in terms of brand development, consumer behavior, marketing infrastructure, competitive activity, legal restrictions, and so on.	了解國際市場最基本的概念是品牌發展、消費者行為、行銷機制系統、競爭活動、法律限制等皆可能產生變化.
130	品牌行銷	marketing-based comparative approaches	行消基準比較法	Marketing-based comparative approaches use experiments in which consumers respond to changes in elements of the marketing program or marketing activity for the target brand or competitive brands.	行消基準比較法使用各種實驗,探究消費者對目標品牌或競爭品牌行銷活動改變的回應結果.
131	品牌行銷	mass market	大眾市場	Companies with a keen eye for mass market tastes are more likely to build a broad and sustainable customer base.	能敏銳觀察大眾市場變化的公司才能建立顧客基礎.
132	品牌行銷	master brand	大師級品牌	A master brand is an established brand so dominant in customers' minds that it owns a particular association.	大師級品牌已建立優勢的品牌,且在消費者心中具有獨特聯想者.
133	品牌行銷	mental map	心智地圖	A mental map is a visual depiction of the different types of associations linked to the brand in the minds of consumers.	心智地圖是將消費者心中的品牌透過各種不同聯想的互相連結,所呈現出的視覺性描述.
134	品牌行銷	message strategy	訊息策略	In designing and evaluating an ad campaign, marketers should distinguish the message strategy.	在設計與評估一個廣告活動時,行銷執行者必須從廣告創意表達品牌訴求的方式中定位出訊息策略.
135	品牌行銷	modifier	修飾詞	A modifier is a means to designate a specific item or model type or a particular version or configuration of the product.	修飾詞是標明產品的特定品項、形式、特殊版本或結構工具.
136	品牌行銷	multidimensional scaling	多元尺度法	Multidimensional scaling is a procedure for determining the perceived relative images of a set of objects, such as products or brands.	多元尺度法是判斷目標集合裡的相對知覺印象之程序.
137	品牌行銷	nonattribute preference component	非屬性偏好組成	The nonattribute preference component of brand equity is the difference between subjectively perceived attribute values and overall preference.	品牌權益的非屬性偏好組成部分為主觀的知覺屬性價值,語整體偏好之間的差異,它反映出消費者對品牌的整體評價,超出個別產品屬性效用的部分.
138	品牌行銷	packaging	包裝	Packaging is the activities of designing and producing containers or wrappers for a product.	包裝是產品容器或包裝材料的設計及製作的一種活動.
139	品牌行銷	parent brand	母品牌	An existing brand that gives birth to a brand extension is the parent brand.	以現有品牌進行品牌延伸則稱為母品牌.
140	品牌行銷	part worth	分值	The part worth for the "brand name" attribute reflects its value.	某一屬性為品牌名稱,比品牌名稱屬性的分值即反應消費者的價值.
141	品牌行銷	partnerships	夥伴關係	One common reason for establishing brand partnerships is to gain access to distribution.	建立品牌夥伴關係的一般理由是獲得配銷通路.
142	品牌行銷	perceived quality	知覺品質	Perceived quality is customers' perception of the overall quality or superiority of a product or service compared to alternatives and with respect to its intended purpose.	知覺品質是顧客相較於其他替代性選擇,對於這項商品品質或服務品質之優勢的整體概念.
143	品牌行銷	permission marketing	允諾式行銷	Permission marketing, the practice of marketing to consumers only after gaining their express permission, is another tool with which companies can break through the clutter and build customer loyalty.	允諾式行銷是得到消費者的允許後,才執行溝通,是公司用打破藩籬、建立顧客忠誠度的方法.
144	品牌行銷	place advertising	地點廣告	Place advertising, also called out-of-home advertising, is a broad category that captures advertising outside traditional media.	地點廣告亦稱戶外廣告以成為傳統廣告的互補媒介.
145	品牌行銷	points of difference	類異點	Positioning convinces consumers of the advantages or points of difference a brand has over competitors.	定位是以超越其他競爭者的優勢或品類類異點來說服消費者.
146	品牌行銷	points of parity	類同點	Alleviating concerns about any possible disadvantages is establishing points of parity.	建立品類類同點以減少顧客對品牌劣勢的顧慮.
147	品牌行銷	potential product level	潛在產品層級	The potential product level includes all the augmentations and transformations that a product might ultimately undergo in the future.	潛在產品層級指包含產品在未來可能存在的延伸及發展等功能.
148	品牌行銷	prestige-oriented brands	聲望導向品牌	Prestige-oriented brands have dominant associations that relate to consumers' expressions of self-concepts or images.	聲望導向品牌主要的聯想在於消費者自我概念及形象的表徵.
149	品牌行銷	price sensitivity	價格敏感度	Price sensitivity, promotion responsiveness, sponsorship support, and other activities all may differ by country, and these differences can motivate differences in consumer behavior and decision making.	價格敏感度、推廣活動、贊助活動，與其他活動等皆具差異性，這些差異能導致消費者在行為與決策制定上的差別.
150	品牌行銷	principle of commonality	共通性原則	The principle of commonality states that the more common brand elements products share, the stronger the linkages between the products.	共通性原則主張產品擁有愈多共有的品牌元素,產品之間的連結將會愈強.
151	品牌行銷	principle of differentiation	差異原則	The principle of differentiation is based on the disadvantages of redundancy.	差異原則是基於來自重複的缺點.
152	品牌行銷	principle of prominence	凸顯原則	The principle of prominence states that relative prominence of the brand elements determines which element or elements become the primary one(s) and which become the secondary one(s).	凸顯原則是基於決定品牌原素的相對凸顯誠度,哪些品牌元素是主要的,哪些是次要的.
153	品牌行銷	principle of relevance	相關原則	The principle of relevance is based on the advantages of efficiency and economy.	相關原則是基於來自效率與經濟的優點.
154	品牌行銷	principle of simplicity	精簡原則	The principle of simplicity is based on the need to provide the right amount of branding information to consumers－no more and no less.	精簡原則是基於提供消費者適量不過多、不過少品牌資訊的需求.
155	品牌行銷	private labels	私有品牌	Many firms are introducing discount brands as flankers to better compete with store brands and private labels.	許多廠商為了與連鎖零售業者的商店品牌和私有品牌,所已導入如側翼品牌的折扣品牌.
156	品牌行銷	product	產品	A product is anything we can offer to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a need or want.	產品是只市場上任何可供消費者注意、獲得、使用或消費的事物,旨在滿足需要或慾望.
157	品牌行銷	product category structure	產品品類結構	To fully understand brand recall, we need to appreciate product category structure, or how product categories are organized in memory.	為了全面理解品牌回想,須先了解產品品類結構,也就是究竟消費者記憶中的產品類別是如何推砌.
158	品牌行銷	product mix	產品組合	A product mix is the set of all product lines and items that a particular seller makes available to buyers.	產品組合係指賣者提供給買者,所有產品線的組成.
159	品牌行銷	product-brand relationship	產品對品牌的關係	The columns of the matrix represent product-brand relationships and capture the brand portfolio strategy in terms of the number and nature of brands to be marketed in each category.	矩陣的列,代表產品對品牌的關係,能夠描述廠商在個別品類中,品牌組合策略所銷售的品牌數量.
160	品牌行銷	projective techniques	投射技術	Projective techniques are diagnostic tools to uncover the true opinions and feelings of consumers when they are unwilling or otherwise unable to express themselves on these matters.	消費者可能不願意,或無法直接表達真實的受,此時可透過投射技術.
161	品牌行銷	promotion	促銷	Another set of cost advantages arise from uniformity in packaging, advertising, promotion, and other marketing communication activities.	另一種成本優勢來自包裝、廣告、促銷，與其他行銷溝通活動的一致化.
162	品牌行銷	promotion responsiveness	推廣回應	Price sensitivity, promotion responsiveness, sponsorship support, and other activities all may differ by country, and these differences can motivate differences in consumer behavior and decision making.	價格敏感度、推廣活動、贊助活動，與其他活動等皆具差異性，這些差異能導致消費者在行為與決策制定上的差別.
163	品牌行銷	public	公共宣傳	Public is nonpersonal communications such as press releases, media interviews, press conferences, feature articles, newsletters, photographs, films, and tapes.	公共宣傳指新聞稿、媒體訪談、記者會、特別報導、商務通訊、照片、影片及錄音帶等非人員溝通媒介.
164	品牌行銷	publicity relations	公關	Public relations and publicity relate to a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a company's image or its individual product .	公關語公共宣傳設計用來廣宣或保護公司形象,或個別產品的各種相關方案.
165	品牌行銷	push strategy	推的策略	This approach is called a push strategy, because the manufacturer is attempting to reach the consumer by "pushing" the product through each step of the distribution chain.	這種方式稱為推的策略,因為消費者會利用他們的購買力量來影響零售商,進而把產品拉進通路中.
166	品牌行銷	qualitative research techniques	質化研究技術	Qualitative research techniques often identify possible brand associations and sources of brand equity.	質化研究技術通常可以辨認出品牌聯想與品牌權益的來源,是一種非結構化的衡量方法,可測得消費者某一範圍的可能性回應.
167	品牌行銷	range brand	品域品牌	Other authors sometimes refer to these types of brands as range brands or umbrella brands.	其他品牌作者會稱這類型的品牌為品域品牌或品牌傘.
168	品牌行銷	regional marketing	區域行銷	Regional marketing is not without its drawbacks.	區域行銷並非毫無缺點可言.
169	品牌行銷	relationship marketing	關係行銷	Relationship marketing attempts to provide a more holistic, personalized brand experience to create stronger consumer ties.	關係行銷提供更全面、更個人化的品牌體驗以創造更好的消費者關係
170	品牌行銷	reliability	可靠性	Reliability measures the consistency of performance over time and from purchase to purchase.	可靠性代表隨著時間改變或重複購買下,功效表現的一致性.
171	品牌行銷	residual approach	殘值法	The residual approach examines the value of the brand by subtracting consumers' preferences for the brand on physical procduct attributes alone from their overall brand preferences.	殘值法檢測某品牌價值,是藉由從消費者對總體品牌的偏好減去消費者對該品牌的個別偏好而得之.
172	品牌行銷	retro-branding	回溯品牌打造	Retro-branding, by some marketing pundits, is the tactic to tie in with past advertising that was, and perhaps could still be, a key source of brand equity.	回溯品牌打造這種連結或延續過去廣告的策略,因為它正是品牌權益的重要來源之一.
173	品牌行銷	return of marketing investment	行銷投資報酬率	Virtually every marketing dollar spent today must be justified as both effective and efficient in terms of return marketing investment.	行銷投資報酬率而論,今日任何行銷費用都必須證明其效率與效能.
174	品牌行銷	role of branding index	品牌指引角色	We measure the proportion of intangible earnings attributable to the brand by an indicator referred to as the role of branding index.	藉由品牌指引角色的指標來衡量可歸因於品牌之無形資產營收的比例.
175	品牌行銷	Rorschach test	羅爾沙赫氏測驗	In psychology, the most famous example of a projective technique is the Rorschach test.	在心理學上,最知名的投射技術案例是羅爾沙赫是測驗.
176	品牌行銷	sales promotions	銷售促進	Sales promotions are short-term incentives to encourage trial or usage of a product or serivce.	銷售促進是指短期的激勵以鼓勵是用或使用某一產品或服務.
177	品牌行銷	search goods	搜尋品	With search goods like grocery products, consumers can evaluate product attributes like sturdiness, size, color, style, design, weight, and ingredient composition by visual inspection.	搜尋品是消費者能夠從外觀(如耐用程度、大小、顏色、風格、設計、重量與組成成分等)來評估產品屬性,如日常用品.
178	品牌行銷	service effectiveness	服務有效性	Service effectiveness measures how well the brand satisfies customers' service requirements.	服務有效性代表品牌滿足顧客服務需求的程度.
179	品牌行銷	service efficiency	服務效率	Service efficiency describes the speed and responsiveness of service.	服務效率代表服務速度與服務回應性.
180	品牌行銷	service empathy	服務同理心	Service empathy is the extent to which service providers are seen as trusting, caring, and having the customer's interests in mind.	服務同理心是服務提供者的關懷、信任與心存顧客利益的程度.
181	品牌行銷	serviceability	可服務性	Serviceability is the ease of repairing the product if needed.	可服務性指產品需要修復時的容易程度.
182	品牌行銷	slogans	標語	Slogans are short phrases that communicate descriptive or persuasive information about the brand.	標語為簡短的片語,傳達品牌描述性或說服性的資訊.
183	品牌行銷	socially responsible corporate image association	社會責任的公司形象聯想	A socially responsible corporate image association creates consumer perceptions of a company as contributing to community programs, supporting artistic and social activities, and generally attempting to improve the welfare of society as a whole.	社會責任的公司形象聯想能夠使消費者產生公司在幫助社區方案、支持文藝活動、社會活動,以及改善整體社會福利的知覺.
184	品牌行銷	sponsorship program	贊助方案	Sponsorship programs have a long tradition in many countries.	贊助方案在許多國家具有長久的傳統.
185	品牌行銷	sponsorship support	贊助活動	Price sensitivity, promotion responsiveness, sponsorship support, and other activities all may differ by country, and these differences can motivate differences in consumer behavior and decision making.	價格敏感度、推廣活動、贊助活動，與其他活動等皆具差異性，這些差異能導致消費者在行為與決策制定上的差別.
186	品牌行銷	spreading activation	擴散活化	Recall or retrieval of information occurs through a concept called spreading activation.	資料的回響與提取,是透過稱為擴散活化的機制產生.
187	品牌行銷	stability	穩定度	This measure relies on extensive competitive benchmarking and a structured evaluation of the brand's market, stability, leadership position, growth trend, support, geographic footprint, and legal protectability.	這個衡量是基於大規模競爭平台比較以及品牌的市場、領先地位、成長趨勢、公司支援、地理區域覆蓋和法律保護性等評價.
188	品牌行銷	store brand	商店品牌	Products bearing these store brands offer another way for retailers to increase customer loyalty and generate higher margins and profits.	替零售商開闢另一提升顧客忠誠度與獲取更高利潤的管道.
189	品牌行銷	strategic brand management	策略品牌管理	Strategic brand management involves the design and implementation of marketing programs and activities to build, measure, and manage brand equity.	策略品牌管理包含設計和執行行銷方案與活動,藉以建立、評量和管理品牌權益.
190	品牌行銷	sub-branding	副品牌	The practice of combining an existing brand with a new brand is called sub-branding because the subordinate brand is a means of modifying the superordinate brand.	現有品牌與新品牌結合合稱為副品牌打造,因為次層品牌是上層品牌的修飾者.
191	品牌行銷	supply-side method	供給面法	The supply-side method focuses on potential exposure to the brand by assessing the extent of media coverage.	供給面法藉由評估媒體報導涵蓋的程度,將焦點放在品牌的潛在曝光率.
192	品牌行銷	support	支援	This measure relies on extensive competitive benchmarking and a structured evaluation of the brand's market, stability, leadership position, growth trend, support, geographic footprint, and legal protectability.	這個衡量是基於大規模競爭平台比較以及品牌的市場、領先地位、成長趨勢、公司支援、地理區域覆蓋和法律保護性等評價.
193	品牌行銷	symbolic concept	象徵性概念	A brand with a symbolic concept is one designed to associate the individual with a desired group, role, or self-image.	具有象徵性概念的品牌,其品牌意涵被設計為,創造一種人個人與渴望的團體、角色或自我形象連結感覺.
194	品牌行銷	tangible assets	有形資產	Tabgible assets include property, plant, and equipment; current assets; and investments in stocks and bonds.	有形資產包括財產、廠房、設備、流動資產,即股票債眷投資.
195	品牌行銷	transformational advertising	轉換型廣告	Researchers have defined transformational advertising as advertising designed to change consumers' perceptions of the actual usage experience with the product.	研究者講轉換型廣告定義為設計以改變消費者現有產品使用經驗知覺的廣告.
196	品牌行銷	unaided recall	獨立式回想	Unaided recall on the basis of "all brands" provided as a cue is likely to identily only the very strongest brands.	獨立式回想以所有品牌為線索,僅適用於非常強式的品牌.
197	品牌行銷	usage variant products	用法變異產品	Usage variant products are those that have elastic demand functions because they have a high degree of substitutability or because they create their own demand when salient, such as food and household cleaning products.	用法變異產品指產品具有高度替代性,或具獨特性時就能創造自身需求,因為這些產品具有彈性的需求功能.
198	品牌行銷	valuation approach	價值評價法	The valuation approach places financial value on brand equity for accounting purposes, mergers and acquisitions, or other such reasons.	價值評價法是用在估計品牌權益的財物價值,如會計、併購等目的.
199	品牌行銷	value chain	價值鏈	Harvard's Michael Porter has proposed the value chain as a strategic tool for identifying ways to create more customer value.	哈佛大學Michael Porter教授提出價值鏈策略工具以找出創造顧客價值的方法.
200	品牌行銷	value-based pricing strategies	以價值為本的訂價策略	Many marketers have adopted value-based pricing strategies－attempting to sell the right product at the right price－to better meet consumer wishes.	許多行銷執行者都採用以價值為本的訂價策略,企圖以對的價格販賣出對的產品,以符合消費者的希望.
1	供應鏈管理	inventory	存貨	Average inventory level is a basis for productivity measurement.	平均存貨水準做為衡量生產力的基礎
2	供應鏈管理	retail inventory method	零售價法	The retail inventory method can be used for both external financial statements and tax reporting.	零售價法可使用在財務報表或稅務上。
3	供應鏈管理	American Production Inventory Control Society (APICS)	美國生產庫存管控學會	The American Production Inventory Control Society (APICS) defines ERP as a method for effective planning and control of all resources needed to take, make, ship, and account for customer orders.	美國生產庫存管控學會定義，ERP是一種方法能有效規劃與管控所有企業資源，用於製造、運送與計價等以滿足顧客訂單。
4	供應鏈管理	supply	供給	Money supply is controlled by the Central Bank.	貨幣供給由中央銀行所控制
5	供應鏈管理	supply chain	供應鏈	Connections must also be made with the members of the supply chain.	須與供應鏈成員有所聯繫
6	供應鏈管理	supply chain management systems	供應鏈管理系統	Supply chain management systems are more externally oriented than enterprise systems.	供應鏈管理系統比企業系統外表上被安置。
7	供應鏈管理	retailer	零售商;零售店	A lot of money is spent by retailers on advertising.	零售商花許多錢登廣告。
8	供應鏈管理	data mining	資料探勘	Data mining is one of the fastest growing fields in the computer industry.	數據挖掘在計算機工業中快速發展的領域之一
9	供應鏈管理	metadata	元數據，詮釋資料	An item's metadata is stored in one XML document.	元數據項目資料儲存於XML文件中
10	供應鏈管理	time series data	時間序列資料	The time series data is collected every day to show the trends for a particular stock price in the stock market.	每天蒐集某張股票的股價可形成時間序列資料看出股價走向趨勢
11	供應鏈管理	data	數據	They use a computer system to organize their data.	他們利用一個電腦系統整理數據。
12	供應鏈管理	database	資料庫	This database consists of 1000 observations in a business situation.	這個資料庫包含1000個觀察值在商業的情境下
13	供應鏈管理	missing data	遺漏值	Missing data often occurs when a respondent fails to answer all questions in a survey.	在調查中遺漏值常發生在回應者未能回答所有的問題
14	供應鏈管理	master production schedule(MPS)	主生產排程	Rough-cut capacity planning uses the master production schedule to provide the number of units needed.	粗估產能規劃以主生產排程提供所需的單位數
15	供應鏈管理	factors of production	生產要素	Labor, capital, information are factors of production.	勞力資本和資訊都是生產要素
16	供應鏈管理	production	生產	We have 10 production lines.	我們有十條生產線
17	供應鏈管理	post-production	後製作	Post-production occurs in the making of audio recordings, films/movies, photography and digital art, videos and television programs.	後製作常用在錄音、電影、攝影術、數位藝術、錄影帶和電視節目製作上
19	供應鏈管理	demand for domestic goods	國內需求	The demand for domestic goods is by people,firms,and governments.	國內需求來自於社會大眾,企業,政府
20	供應鏈管理	demand	需求	If you demand something that means you want it and you can afford it.	需求代表你想要而且有能力購買的意思
21	供應鏈管理	elasticity of demand	需求彈性	The elasticity of demand for normal goods is negative.	正常財的需求彈性通常是負的
22	供應鏈管理	quantity demand	需求量	Quantity demand is greater than quantity supplied.	數量需求比由供應的數量偉大
23	供應鏈管理	economic rrder quantity (EOQ)	經濟採購量	A decesios model that calculates the optimal quantity of inventory to order is called the economic order quantity (EOQ).	計算存貨最佳採購數量之模型,稱為經濟採購量.
24	供應鏈管理	quantity At location	倉位數量	Computers display quantity at location TOTAL in decimals.	顯示2 位元組數量在地點共計在小數
25	供應鏈管理	quantity allocation	已分配量	Production quantity allocation for order fulfilment is in the supply chain.	生產數量分派為命令滿額在供應鏈
26	供應鏈管理	quantity completion	完成?量	The indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity completion service contract is for development.	不確定交付或不確定數量完成服務合約為發展
27	供應鏈管理	quantity backorder	欠交數量	Your packing slip will show the item in the quantity backorder column (Qty. B/O), and the comments area will indicate an expected date for Franklin Covey to receive the item.	你的包裝紙條在數量訂貨專欄(Qty將顯示專案。B/O)和評論區域將表明一個期望的日期為了FranklinCovey能接受專案
28	供應鏈管理	quality	品質	Quality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers.	對專案管理者而言，品質控管與工地安全越來越重要。
29	供應鏈管理	quality function deployment(QFD)	品質機能展開	The House of Quality is the main tool for QFD.	QFD最主要的工具是品質屋
30	供應鏈管理	total quality management(TQM)	全面品質管理	Building a Culture of Continuous Improvement is the basic requirement for implementing TQM.	建構公司有不斷改善的文化是實施全面品質管理的基本要求
31	供應鏈管理	indoor air quality (IAQ)	室內空氣品質	Ventilation is an important factor for indoor air quality.	通風是室內空氣品質ㄧ個重要因子
32	供應鏈管理	asset quality	資產品質	CAMEL rating includes five areas: capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earings and liquidity.	駱駝式評等包括五項管理項目:資本適足性,資產品質,管理能力, 獲利,和流動性
33	供應鏈管理	equality	平等	Equality is guaranteed by the Constitution.	憲法保障平等。
34	供應鏈管理	quality assurance	品保	This page used to be the home page for the Quality Assurance activity at W3C.	這頁曾經是主頁為品質管制活動在W3C
35	供應鏈管理	quality control circle	品管圈	The tube ring (Quality Control Circle, is called QCC).	品管圈（Quality Control Circle, 簡稱QCC），
36	供應鏈管理	transportation engineering	運輸工程	The transporation engineering shows the basic performance of a country.	運輸系統可看出一個國家的基本形象
37	供應鏈管理	transportation	運輸	Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another.	運輸是指人或物從一個地方到另一個地方
38	供應鏈管理	customer relationship management(CRM)	顧客關係管理	Datamining is a very effective tool to deal with the problem of CRM.	資料探勘的技術用來處理顧客關係管理的問題是很有效的
39	供應鏈管理	cost leadership strategy	成本領導策略	A cost leadership strategy is an integrated set of actions designed to produce products at the lowest cost, relative to competitors, with features that are acceptable to customers.	成本領導策略是指一系列經過整合的行動，使企業能夠相對於競爭者以最低的生產成本，生產出顧客所能接受的產品。
40	供應鏈管理	entrepreneurship	企業家精神	Entrepreneurship occurs when an enterprising individual pursues a lucrative opportunity.	企業家精神發生在一個創業者追求一個獲利的機會時。
41	供應鏈管理	relationship	關係	Marketing consists of actions taken to build and maintain desirable exchange relationships with target audiences.	行銷包括採取必要行動以期與目標顧客建立並維持所想要的交易關係
42	供應鏈管理	shipment	出貨	The shipment will be delayed.	此次的出貨會延遲
43	供應鏈管理	differentiation strategy	差異化策略	With the differentiation strategy, the unique attributes and characteristics of a firm's product provide value to customers.	在差異化策略下，企業提供給顧客的價值是產品獨特的屬性與特質。
44	供應鏈管理	focus strategy	集中化策略	A focus strategy is an integrated set of actions designed to produce products that serve the needs of a particular competitive segment.	集中化策略是指一系列經過整合的行動，被設計用來生產產品，以滿足一個特定競爭區隔的需求。
45	供應鏈管理	strategy	策略	Strategy is a pattern of actions and resource allocations.	策略是行動和資源安置的一種型態。
46	供應鏈管理	mass storage	大容量貯存裝置	A hard disk is a mass storage object.	硬碟是大容量貯存裝置
47	供應鏈管理	store	商店	Another auto store was opened in town yesterday.	昨天鎮上又開了一家汽車商行。
48	供應鏈管理	lower-of-cost-or-market method	成本與市價孰低法	Lower-of-cost-or-market method values inventories at market if market is below cost.	當市價低於成本時企業採用成本與市價孰低法評價存貨。
49	供應鏈管理	cost of goods sold	銷貨成本	The cost of the inventory that the business has sold to customers is called cost of goods sold (COGS).	企業銷售商品給顧客之成本,稱為銷貨成本.
50	供應鏈管理	sunk cost	沉沒成本	Past costs that are unavoidable because they cannot be changed no matter what action is taken are called sunk costs.	無法因決策而改變的過去成本,稱為沉沒成本.
51	供應鏈管理	opportunity cost	機會成本	The benefit forgone by not choosing an alternative course of action is called opportunity cost.	選擇某ㄧ方案而放棄其他方案之利益,稱為機會成本.
52	供應鏈管理	cost volume profit analysis	成本數量利潤分析	Cost Volume Profit analysis expresses the relationships among costs, volume, and profit.
53	供應鏈管理	conversion cost	加工成本	A manufacturing cost other than direct material is called conversion cost.	除了直接材料以外之製造成本,稱為加工成本.
54	供應鏈管理	life cycle costing	產品生命週期成本	A system that tracks and accumulates the individual value-chain costs is called life cycle costing.	將個別價值鏈成本予以加總,即為生命週期成本.
55	供應鏈管理	cost driver	成本驅動因子	A factor, such as the level of activity or volume that causally affects costs is called a cost driver.	會導致成本變動之因素,例如活動水準或數量,稱為成本動因.
56	供應鏈管理	profit	利潤	To maximize the profit is the goal of each business.	賺取最大利潤是每個企業的目標
57	供應鏈管理	profitability	利潤	The marketer must balance the customer satisfaction level with profitability.	行銷人員需平衡顧客滿意水準與利潤
58	供應鏈管理	factors of production	生產要素	Labor, capital and information are factors of production.	勞力資本和資訊都是生產要素
59	供應鏈管理	gross domestic product	國內生產毛額	Gross domestic product is an important economic index to a country.	國內生產毛額是很重要的經濟指標.
60	供應鏈管理	gross national product	國民生產毛額	Gross national product is an important economic index to a country.	國民生產毛額是很重要的經濟指標.
61	供應鏈管理	product	產品	I like your products.	我喜歡你的產品
62	供應鏈管理	production	生產	We have 10 production lines.	我們有十條生產線
63	供應鏈管理	price	價格	Prices keep going up.	物價持續上漲
64	供應鏈管理	delivery price	交割價格	The delivery price is the price agreed to in a forward contract.	文割價格為遠期契約的價格
65	供應鏈管理	price-earning (P/E) ratio	本益比	The P/E ratio is the ratio of the current stock price to last year's earnings per share.	本益比是每股市價除以上一年度的每股盈餘。
66	供應鏈管理	price list	報價單	Please send us your price list ASAP.	請盡快寄給我們你的報價單
67	供應鏈管理	stock price	股價	There is a high correlation between EPS, cash flow, and stock price.	每股盈餘、現金流量和股價間有高度相關。
68	供應鏈管理	market price (=value)	市價	The market price of this watch was at $200.	這隻錶的市價是二百元
69	供應鏈管理	price	價格	What is the price for this?	這個價格是多少?
70	供應鏈管理	order	訂單	Please place your order as soon as possible	請盡快下單
71	供應鏈管理	support	支承	A beam that is supported at its two ends with a hinge and a roller is called a simply supported beam, or simple beam.	一樑兩端是由一鉸支承與一輥支承所支承的,稱為簡單支承樑或簡稱為簡支樑
72	供應鏈管理	organizational decision support system	組織決策支援系統	An organizational decision support system (ODSS) focuses on an organizational task or activity involving a sequence of operations and decision makers, such as developing a divisional marketing plan or doing capital budgeting.	組織的決定支援系統( ODSS )著重於包括一系列作業和決策人的一種組織任務或者活動，諸如發展計劃或者做captial預算的一種部門所有銷售。
73	供應鏈管理	decision-support systems	決策支援資訊系統	Decision-support systems use internal information as well as information from external sources.	決策支持的系統使用內部信息並且信息從外部來源。
74	供應鏈管理	principle	原理	The two machines work on the same principle.	這兩部機器的工作原理是一樣的。
75	供應鏈管理	open-market operations	公開市場操作	The Fed's third and main tool is open-market operations in which the Fed buys and sells bonds in the bonds market.	聯準會第三個最主要得工具是公開市場操作亦即聯準會在債券市場公開買賣有價證券
76	供應鏈管理	cooperation	合作,協力	The success of the project relies on the cooperation of all involved parties.	這個項目的成功依賴於所有相關部門的合作。
77	供應鏈管理	operation	運算	The recent three days' operation record is ready.	最近三天的操作紀錄
78	供應鏈管理	operational amplifier	運算放大器	This experiment is focused on an operational amplifier.	這個主要是在做運算放大器實驗
79	供應鏈管理	network diagram	網圖	The network diagram is the tool used to organize all of the project activities.	網圖是使用來組織所有專案活動的工具。
80	供應鏈管理	intergrated services digital network(ISDN)	整合服務數位網路	An intergrated services digital network can bring an ISP more value.	整合服務數位網路能為ISP帶來更多價值。
81	供應鏈管理	local area network	區域網路	A local area network is a computer network covering a small geographic area like an office, or group of buildings.	區域網路是指覆蓋局部區域, 如辦公室或大樓的電腦網路。
82	供應鏈管理	network	網絡	Many companies form strategic alliances and joint ventures with foreign companies to build global networks.	許多公司與外國企業形成策略聯盟或合資企業, 以建立全球網絡
83	供應鏈管理	subnetwork	子網路	A subnetwork is a set of virtual processors which is a subset of a region of computing space.	它是套實際上的處理器，是一個計算空間的地區的子集。
84	供應鏈管理	subnetwork mask	子網路遮罩	The subnetwork mask is a binary pattern that is stored in the client machine, server or router and is matched with the IP address.	子網路遮罩是被儲存在客戶機器，伺服器或者路由器裡並且被IP 位址匹配的一個二進製模式。
85	供應鏈管理	simple network management protocol，SNMP	簡易網路管理協定	Simple Network Management Protocol is a set of protocols for managing complex networks.	短為了簡單的網路管理協定，管理複雜的網路的一套協定。
86	供應鏈管理	wireless network	無線網路	Wireless network connections use radio to transmit packets of data without the need for physical cables.	無線網路連接使用收音機傳輸沒有對身體的電纜需要的資料的小包。
87	供應鏈管理	network polymer	網狀聚合體	A network polymer is an interconnected branch polymer.	網狀聚合物是有分枝交錯聚合成為網狀之鏈
88	供應鏈管理	controller area network (CAN)	控制器區域網路	A Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial network that was originally designed for the automotive industry.	CAN是一個串列的網路其原本是為自動化工業而設計
89	供應鏈管理	intergrated services digital network(ISDN)	整合服務數位網路	An intergrated services digital network can bring an ISP more value.	整合服務數位網路能為ISP帶來更多價值。
90	供應鏈管理	internet service provider(ISP)	網路服務供應商	Hinet is the biggest ISP in Taiwan.	Hinet是台灣最大的網路服務供應商。
91	供應鏈管理	transmission control protocol/internet protocol(TCP/IP)	傳輸控制協定/網際網路通訊協定	TCP/IP is a set of Internet protocols.	TCP/IP是一組網際網路通訊協定。
92	供應鏈管理	interface	介面	The interfaces of computers are going faster every year.	電腦每年都有新的介面技術提升傳輸速率
93	供應鏈管理	internet	網際網路	The Internet is becoming more important to modern people.	網際網路是目前不可缺少的生活要素
94	供應鏈管理	interest	利息保障倍數	Interest is the revenue to the payee for loaning money; expense to the debtor.	債權人貸出款項所獲收入,或債務人借入款項所付代價,稱為利息.
95	供應鏈管理	interest parity	利率平價	We would have interest parity in which interest rate equalization across nations would ensure that no such flow of funds would occur.	當國際間的匯率不再流動時，利率平價將會成立。
96	供應鏈管理	inter-industry trade	產業間貿易	The situation where a country's exports and imports are in different product classification categories is known as inter-industry trade.	一國的出口品與進口品分屬不同商品類別即為產業間貿易
97	供應鏈管理	intermediate trade	轉口貿易	Intermediate trade is a kind of common trade way.	轉口貿易是一種常見的貿易方式
98	供應鏈管理	international monetary fund	國際貨幣基金	The International Monetary Fund (I.M.F) had 30 original member countries in 1945.	國際貨幣基金成立於1945年原始會員有30國家
99	供應鏈管理	interactive	人機互動的、交談式的	This interactive website provides totally free resources to help students learn, revise and prepare for their exams.	這個互動式網站提供完全自由資源幫助學生學會，校正和為他們的檢查做準備。
100	供應鏈管理	internet information services	(網路)網際網路服務IIS	If you want to provide an Internet service, you should start with the Internet Information Services first.	如果你想要提供一個intenet 服務，你應該首先開始網際網路資料服務。
101	供應鏈管理	internal	程式)內部的	These codes are internal functions.	這些密碼是內在的功能。
102	供應鏈管理	internet protocol	網路痛信協定(IP)	The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.	網際網路記錄（IP）是方法或者在資料在網際網路上從一部電腦被送到另外一方面所依據的記錄。
103	供應鏈管理	workflow management	工作流程管理	The workflow course is focused on modeling workflow processes and the characteristics of contemporary workflow management.	工作流程課程關於仿製工作流程程序和當代工作流程管理的特性是焦點。
104	供應鏈管理	knowledge management	知識管理	Knowledge management is the creation and subsequent management of an environment which encourages knowledge to be created, shared, learnt, enhanced, organised and utilised for the benefit of the organisation and its customers.	知識管理鼓勵要創造、分享、學習知識，後來因為組織的利益和它的消費者提高，進而組織以利用的環境來創造和後來得管理。
105	供應鏈管理	project management	專案管理	Project management is a critical part of systems development.	項目管理是系統開發的一個重要部分。
106	供應鏈管理	management-level systems	管理層級系統	Management-level systems support nonroutine decision making.	管理級別系統支持nonroutine政策制定
107	供應鏈管理	management information systems	管理資訊系統	Management information systems are most commonly encountered at the management level of an organization.	管理信息系統共同地遇到在組織的管理級別。
108	供應鏈管理	liability management	負債管理	The bank manager must reduce the cost for required money for the liability management.	銀行管理階層應盡可能在取得資金方面上降低成本
109	供應鏈管理	management	管理	Human Resource Management is historically known as personnel management.	人力資源管理歷史上被稱為人事管理。
110	供應鏈管理	webmaster	網路管理者	The webmaster is the person responsible for maintaining and updating a Web site.	網絡管理員是負責維持而且更新一個網站的人
111	供應鏈管理	website	網站	When we browse somebody's homepage, it means that we connect to his website.	我們是連上某人的網站去瀏覽他所寫的網頁內容。
112	供應鏈管理	web	蜘蛛網;網狀物;網狀組織	The spider spins its web.	蜘蛛結網。
113	供應鏈管理	web browser	網頁瀏覽器	A web browser provides the graphical user interface of the Internet.	瀏覽器提供互聯網圖形用戶界面。
114	供應鏈管理	web bugs	網路錯誤	A web bug is a graphics on a web page or in an Email message that is designed to monitor who is reading the web page or Email message	網臭蟲是圖表在網頁或在被設計監測的電子郵件誰讀網頁或電子郵件。
115	供應鏈管理	web server	網路伺服器	The web server refers to the piece of software that dispatches web pages to browsers.	網絡服務器提到派遣網頁對瀏覽器的軟件模塊。
116	供應鏈管理	world wide web	全球資訊網	The basic idea of the WWW was to merge the technologies of personal computers, computer networking and hypertext into a powerful and easy to use global information system.	全球資訊網的基本想法將合併個人電腦的技術、電腦網路和超文件進入一有力而容易的使用全球的資料制度。
117	供應鏈管理	WDSL	網路服務定義語言	WDSL stands for Wireless Digital Subscriber Link.	WDSL 代表無線的數位訂戶連結。沒有電線，網際網路連接經由固定的無線技術被遞送。
118	供應鏈管理	financial forecasting	財務預測	Researchers make financial forecasting by estimating future trends by examining and analyzing available information.	研究員利用估計未來趨勢以及檢視分析既有的資訊來作財務預測
119	供應鏈管理	performance	績效	The key is to match customer expectations with company performance.	關鍵在於配合顧客的期望與公司的績效
120	供應鏈管理	purchase frequency	購買頻率	Promotion is often designed to increase purchase frequency.	促銷經常被用來增進購買頻率
121	供應鏈管理	accounts payable	應付帳款	A liability backed by the general reputation and credit standing of the debtor.	因進貨所發生未來須償還之債務稱為應付帳款.
122	供應鏈管理	bonds payable	應付公司債	Interest bearing notes payable issued to multiple lenders are called bonds payable.	公司為籌措資金,向眾多債務人舉債,所發行之憑證,稱為公司債.
123	供應鏈管理	balance of payments	國際收支脹	A country's transactions with the rest of the world, including both trade flows and financial flows,are summarized by a set of accounts called the balance of payments.	一國與世界其他國家各項經濟交易的統計報表包含貿易與金融的報表稱為國際收支帳
124	供應鏈管理	note payable	應付票據	A note payable may be either interest-bearing or noninterest-bearing.	應付票據分為附息與不附息兩種。
125	供應鏈管理	payback period	回收期間	The payback period is the first formal method used to evaluate capital budgeting projects.	回收期間是第一種正式評估資本預算計畫的方法。
126	供應鏈管理	paycheck	薪水支票	We get our paychecks at the end of the month.	我們在月底領薪水支票
127	供應鏈管理	resource	資源	Construction planners often represent a resource constraint by a precedence relation.	施工計劃者常藉由作業的先後次序來呈現資源限制。
128	供應鏈管理	sources of cash	現金來源	Those activities that bring in cash are called sources of cash.	那些帶來現金的活動稱之為現金來源
129	供應鏈管理	tangible resource	有形資源	Tangible resources are assets that can be seen and quantified.	有形資源是指可見與可以量化的資產。
130	供應鏈管理	outsourcing	外包	Outsourcing is the purchase of a value-creating activity from an external supplier.	外包是指向外界供應商購買價值創造的活動。
131	供應鏈管理	manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)	製造資源規劃	Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) is a method to plan all resources for a manufacturer.	製造資源規劃在規劃企業內所有用於生產的資源。
132	供應鏈管理	enterprise resource planning (ERP)	企業資源規劃	Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have become very important in modern business operations.	在現代化的企業運作裡，企業資源規劃系統已經變成非常重要的一環。
133	供應鏈管理	natural resources	自然資源	We should carefully use and protect natural resources.	我們應該小心使用及保護自然資源
134	供應鏈管理	human resources management	人力資源管理	Human Resource Management is historically known as personnel management.	人力資源管理歷史上被稱為人事管理。
135	供應鏈管理	open source software	開放原始軟體	If you could access the source code of software, it would be open source software.	如果你可以取得軟體的原始碼，它將會是開放的來源軟體。
136	供應鏈管理	source	來源	The software company didn't supply the source code of the program.	這家軟體公司沒有提供程式的原始碼
137	供應鏈管理	customer lifetime value (CLV)	顧客終身價值	Customer lifetime value is the net present value of the stream of future profits expected over the customer's lifetime purchases.	顧客終身價值是由顧客終身購買量項獻而來的未來總獲利之淨現值.
138	供應鏈管理	mass customerization	大量顧客化	Individual marketing has also been labeled mass customerization.	許多公司在網站上提供choiceboard, 讓顧客在線上以互動方式自行設計產品或放入個人化的元素.
139	供應鏈管理	customization	客製化	The more customization of an ERP, the less ability to communicate seamlessly within system components and across supplier and customer systems.	ERP系統客製化程度愈高，與企業內部及外部的溝通則較愈差。
140	供應鏈管理	customer	顧客	Marketing must both attract new customers and keep the current customers.	行銷必須能吸引新顧客, 並讓舊顧客成長
141	供應鏈管理	client/server	使用者／伺服器	In the mid-1990s, SAP developed a client/server version of its ERP product, which was named R/3.	90年代中期，SAP R／3被發展出來，就是用使用者／伺服器版本。
142	供應鏈管理	recycling	循環	The recycling of buildings is the basis for developing a recycled and reused technology.	建築物循環是基於發展一個循環及再使用之技術
143	供應鏈管理	equivalent	相等	His reply is equivalent to a refusal.	他的回答等於是拒絕
144	供應鏈管理	economic value added (EVA)	經濟附加價值	Positive EVA means capital is being used to create wealth.	公司有正的EVA表示公司的財富增加了
145	供應鏈管理	market value measures	市場價值衡量	There are some useful market value measures such as EPS and Price-Earning Ratio.	有一些有用的市場價值衡量如每股營餘比與本益比等
146	供應鏈管理	valuation	評價	Valuation could be a measure of a company's financial health.	評價可以是公司財務健全狀況的衡量指標之一
147	供應鏈管理	net present value (NPV)	淨現值	We usually see a lot of data about NPV on the analyst reports.	我們經常可以在分析報告看見有關淨現值的數據
148	供應鏈管理	book value	帳面價值	The asset's cost minus accumulated depreciation.	將資產成本減累計折舊稱為帳面價值.
149	供應鏈管理	present value	現值	The amount a person would invest now to receive a greater amount in the future is called present value.	為獲取未來更大金額,現在所願意投入之金額,稱為現值.
150	供應鏈管理	net realizable value	淨變現價值	The net realizable value is the value actually expected to be collected.	淨變現價值係指市價減變現費用.
151	供應鏈管理	expected value	期望值	The expected value of a discrete random variable is equal to the sum of each value of the random variable multiplied by its probability.	間斷隨機變數的期望值等於本身平均數總合或期望值
152	供應鏈管理	future value	終值	The process of going from today's values to future value is called compounding.	計算今天的價值到終值的過程稱為複利。
153	供應鏈管理	par value	面額	The par value is the stated face value of the bond.	面額是債券上記載的價值。
154	供應鏈管理	evaluation	評價;估算	I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.	我試圖如實地評價我自己的一生。
155	供應鏈管理	return on assets (ROA)	資產報酬率	ROA is net profit divided by total assets.	資產報酬率等於稅後淨利除以總資產。
156	供應鏈管理	return on equity (ROE)	權益報酬率	ROE is net profit divided by equity.	權益報酬率等於稅後淨利除以股東權益。
157	供應鏈管理	retailer	零售商;零售店	A lot of money are spent by retailers on advertising.	零售商花許多錢登廣告。
158	供應鏈管理	design	設計	A distillation tower is one of the most important design elements for separation of volatile liquid mixtures.	設計可一致性生產高品質零件的工具。
159	供應鏈管理	computer aided design(CAD)	電腦輔助設計	The CAD is being used to design products in many modern factories.	現在許多工廠都使用電腦輔助設計系統設計產品
160	供應鏈管理	design collaboration	合作式設計	The skills of data exchange are very important when processing Design Collaboration on the web.	當我們在網路上進行合作式設計時，資料交換的技術就非常重要了。
161	供應鏈管理	just in time (JIT)	及時系統	The Just In Time System(JIT) was initated by the TOYOTA company.	及時系統是由日本豐田汽車公司所開創的生產系統
162	供應鏈管理	process	製程	They are using a new process to make glass.	他們正在用一種新製程製造玻璃。
163	供應鏈管理	process control	程序控制	Automatic process control is concerned with maintaining process variables at some desired operating values.	程序控制的目的是維持程序變數在某個渴望的操作值
164	供應鏈管理	business processes	企業流程	Business processes are a logical set of related activities taking inputs, adding value through doing things, and creating an output.	企業流程是一組有關行為邏輯，包含輸入（原料），加工處理以及增加價值與創造輸出（產品）的組合。
165	供應鏈管理	business process reengineering (BPR)	企業流程再造	Business process reengineering (BPR) analyzes the way an organization accomplishes each business task with the intent of identifying the best way of doing things.	企業流程再造在分析企業內的每個項工作時，希望能找出最好的工作方法來完成工作。
166	供應鏈管理	response	反應	The poles for the overdamped responses are two real values.	系統如果不穩定，則暫態響應與穩態誤差的討論是多餘的。
167	供應鏈管理	responsibilities	責任	Those companies that look to the future are accepting their responsibilities in the areas of social and environmental impact.	有遠見的公司接受他們在社會及環境影響方面之責任
168	供應鏈管理	involvement	涉入	Involvement is closely related to both effort and motivation.	涉入和努力與動機關係密切
169	供應鏈管理	commercial invoice	商業發票	Sign the commercial invoice in triplicate.	簽名的商業發票三份
170	供應鏈管理	invoke	引起、啟動	The three functions must be invoked in sequence within a thread.	在一條線裡面，這三個功能一定要在序列被叫喚。
171	供應鏈管理	distribution	分配	The product has a very wide distribution.	這種產品的分佈(分配)區域極廣。
172	供應鏈管理	frequency distribution	次數分配	We draw the table of frequency distribution to interpret complex data.	我們畫次數分配表來解釋複雜的資料
173	供應鏈管理	cash discount	現金折扣	Many companies offer cash discounts on purchases to encourage timely payment from buyers.	許多公司提供現金折扣以鼓勵買方提早付款。
174	供應鏈管理	distributors	通路商	Outside the firm, the company may deal with distributors, retailers, and others.	於公司外部, 公司必須處理通路商, 零售商, 等等
175	供應鏈管理	display	展示	Sam displayed his paintings in his front yard.	山姆在他的前院擺出自己的畫作供路人觀賞
176	供應鏈管理	enterprise resource planning (ERP)	企業資源規劃	Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have become very important in modern business operations.	在現代化的企業運作裡，企業資源規劃系統已經變成非常重要的一環。
177	供應鏈管理	experience	經驗	Experience relates to what we have done and what has historically happened in a specific area of work.	經驗有關什麼我們已經做和在一個工作的特定區域中已經在歷史上發生什麼事。
178	供應鏈管理	expert	專家	An expert is someone who knows what he or she does not know and is the first one to tell you so.	一個專家是知道什麼他或者她不知道而且是第一的如此告訴你的某人。
179	供應鏈管理	expertise	專業知識	Most people realize that knowledge cannot be directly observed. What can be observed is the expertise that relies on knowledge to produce solutions.	大多數的人了解知識不能夠直接地被觀察。什麼能被觀察是仰賴知識生產解決方案的專長。
180	供應鏈管理	explicit knowledge	外顯知識	Explicit knowledge is knowledge codified and digitized in books, documents, reports, white papers, spreadsheets, memos, training courses, and the like.	明白的知識是在書、文件、報告、白皮書、試算表，備忘錄中被編成法典而且數字化的知識，教育課程，和同類。
181	供應鏈管理	exponential	指數的	The exponential function is one of the most important functions in mathematics.	指數涵數是一種很重要數學涵數
182	供應鏈管理	export	出口	For Taiwan, China is the largest export market in the world.	對台灣而言,美國是全球最大出口市場。
183	供應鏈管理	load	負載	Measures have been taken to lighten the load of the hospital doctors.	已採取措施減輕醫院醫生的工作量。
184	供應鏈管理	composite materials	複合材料	A composite materia is formed from mixtures of metals, ceramics, or polymers in such a manner that unusual combinations of properties are obtained.	複合材料通常由金屬，陶瓷或聚合物混合而成，因此材料會顯現出混合後的特性，如玻璃纖維。
185	供應鏈管理	deliver	運送	Please deliver our goods ASAP.	請盡快運送我們的貨品
186	供應鏈管理	scheduling	時程安排	The most widely used scheduling technique is the critical path method (CPM) for scheduling.	在專案排程中，最常使用的時程排程技術是要徑法。
187	供應鏈管理	schedule	時刻表	A schedule is an organized list providing information about a series of arranged events.	時刻表是提供一系列事件安排的列表
188	供應鏈管理	Advanced planning system (APS)	先進規劃系統	Advanced planning systems (APS) provide decision support by using operational data to analyze material flows throughout the supply chain.	先進規劃系統利用作業資料，分析供應鏈內的物料流，提供決策支援。
189	供應鏈管理	organizational decision support system	組織決策支援系統	An Organizational decision support system (ODSS) focuses on an organizational task or activity involving a sequence of operations and decision makers, such as developing a divisional marketing plan or doing capital budgeting.	組織的決定支援系統( ODSS )著重於包括一系列作業和決策人的一種組織任務或者活動，諸如發展計劃或者做captial預算的一種部門所有銷售。
190	供應鏈管理	logistics	後勤	Logistics are importment for a company	後勤是重要的對公司而言
191	供應鏈管理	model	模型;雛型;原型	Children enjoy making airplane models.	男孩子們喜歡做飛機模型。
192	供應鏈管理	promotion	促銷,推銷	They're planning a big promotion for their new washing powder.	他們正籌劃舉辦一次新款式洗衣粉的大促銷行動。
193	供應鏈管理	structure	結構	The structure must carry loads safely.	結構需安全地承受載重
194	供應鏈管理	instruction	指令	They had carried out my instructions.	他們嚴格地按我的指示把事辦了。
195	供應鏈管理	instrument	儀表	An instrument is a tool, intended for a purpose other than mechanical work.	儀表是一個供機械工作以外使用目的的工具
196	供應鏈管理	planning	規劃	Planning is specifying the goals to be achieved.	規劃是為了要達成目標。
197	供應鏈管理	research	研究	My father is always busy with research.	我父親總是忙於他的學術研究。
198	供應鏈管理	extranet	企業外部網路	An extranet is an intranet with extensions that allow clearly identified customers or top suppliers to reach and access company-related technical educational information.	一個企業外部網路用被識別消費者或者高層供應者到達而且取得與公司相關的技術上的教育資料的清楚地允許的延長是一個內部網路。
199	供應鏈管理	trade surpuls	貿易順差	A positive trade balance means exports exceed imports (trade surpuls).	貿易順差是正的貿易餘額亦即是出口大於進口
200	供應鏈管理	balanced trade	貿易平衡	The value of a natioin's exports minus the value of its imports, also called net exports.	一國進出口數量相等稱為貿易平衡
1	零售業管理	retail inventory method	零售價法	The retail inventory method can be used for both external financial statements and tax reporting.	零售價法可使用在財務報表或稅務上。
2	零售業管理	retailer	零售商;零售店	A lot of money is spent by retailers on advertising.	零售商花許多錢登廣告。
3	零售業管理	channel conflict	通路衝突	Causes of channel conflict include goal incompatibility and differences in perception.	通路衝突的種類可以分為水平通路衝突和多元通路衝突.
4	零售業管理	channel power	通路力量	Channel power is the ability of channel members to alter counter channel member's behavior so that they take actions they would not have taken otherwise.	所謂通路力量是指主導通路的成員行為, 成員們不會採取不該採取的行動.
5	零售業管理	channel	途徑;管道	You should go through the official channels if you want the government to help.	你應該通過正式管道來爭取政府的幫助。
6	零售業管理	promotion	促銷,推銷	They're planning a big promotion for their new washing powder.	他們正籌劃舉辦一次新款式洗衣粉的大促銷行動。
7	零售業管理	sales mix	銷售組合	The relative combination of quantities of products or services that consitute total unit sales is called sales mix.	由數種相關產品或服務所構成之產品單位,稱為產品組合.
8	零售業管理	cost of sales	銷售成本	The present price expansion reflects on the cost of sales.	現在的漲價全部反映在銷售成本上。
9	零售業管理	on sale	拍賣	Clothes on sale are usually very cheap.	大拍賣的服飾通常非常便宜
10	零售業管理	convenient	便利	Please come whenever it is convenient to you.	方便的時候，請隨時來。
11	零售業管理	price	價格	Prices keep going up.	物價持續上漲
12	零售業管理	price list	報價單	Please send us your price list ASAP.	請盡快寄給我們你的報價單
13	零售業管理	interest	利息保障倍數	The revenue to the payee for loaning money; the expense to the debtor.	債權人貸出款項所獲收入,或債務人借入款項所付代價,稱為利息.
14	零售業管理	interest parity	利率平價	We would have interest parity in which interest rate equalization across nations would ensure that no such flow of funds would occur.	當國際間的匯率不再流動時，利率平價將會成立。
15	零售業管理	brand association	品牌聯想	Brand association links consumers' thoughts, feelings, perceptions, images, experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and so on to the marketed brand.	品牌聯想策略來連結消費的想法,感覺, 知覺, 印象,經驗,信念, 和態度等到版行銷的品牌結點上.
16	零售業管理	brand awareness	品牌知曉度	One of marketing communication's goal is to increase brand awareness.	行銷溝通的目標之一就是要提品牌知曉度.
17	零售業管理	brand equity	品牌權益	Brand equity is the added value endowed to the products and services.	品牌權益是指顧客對產品和服務所賦予的附加價值.
18	零售業管理	brand extension	品牌延伸	A company may gain extra benefits from brand extension by which the company uses an established brand to introduce a new product.	公司使用已建立的品牌來介紹新產品就是使用品牌延伸策略.
19	零售業管理	private label brand	私有品牌	KIRKLAND is Costco Wholesale Company's private label brand.	KIRKLAND是好市多的私有品牌.
20	零售業管理	brand	品牌	Companies should focus on brand meaning and brand experience, rather than just the product attributes.	公司應關注品牌意義與品牌經驗, 而非產品特性
21	零售業管理	gray market	水貨市場	Many multinationals are plagued by the gray market problem.	許多跨國公司正面臨水貨市場的問題.
22	零售業管理	capital market	資本市場	In the capital market, only long-term debt instruments (maturity of one year or greater) are traded.	資本市場係屬於一年期以上長期負債工具發行或交易的市場
23	零售業管理	efficient market hypothesis	效率市場假說	The efficient market hypothesis implies that, on average, investments have a zero NPV.	在效率市場假說之下，平均而言，NPV為0。
24	零售業管理	market	市場	There are many consumers and producers in a perfect competition market.	完全競爭市場中有許多的消費者和生產者
25	零售業管理	market failure	市場失靈	There is a market failure when the equilibrium price or quantity is not equal to the market price or quantity.	當市場價格或數量不等於均衡價格與數量時，就會發生市場失靈的現象
26	零售業管理	marketing	行銷	A simple definition of marketing is managing profitable customer relationships.	行銷的簡單定義就是管理有利潤的顧客關係
27	零售業管理	marketing segmentation	市場區隔	The company must decide whom it will serve by dividing the market into segments of customers (market segmentation) and selecting which segments to serve (target marketing).	公司藉由將市場區隔並從中挑選區隔, 可決定所要服務的對象是誰
28	零售業管理	money market	貨幣市場	In the money market, only short-term debt instruments (maturity of less than one year) are traded.	貨幣市場係屬於一年期以內短期負債工具發行或交易的市場
29	零售業管理	target marketing	目標行銷	The company must decide whom it will serve by dividing the market into segments of customers (market segmentation) and selecting which segments to serve (target marketing).	公司藉由將市場區隔並從中挑選區隔, 可決定所要服務的對象是誰
30	零售業管理	trademark	商標	Products bearing famous trademarks sell well.	標有名牌商標的產品暢銷。
31	零售業管理	marketing systems	行銷資訊系統	Promoting the organization’s products or services is a function of marketing systems.	促進組織的產品或服務是銷售系統的作用。
32	零售業管理	human resource management	人力資源管理	Human Resource Management is historically known as personnel management.	人力資源管理歷史上被稱為人事管理。
33	零售業管理	manager	經理	Diana is a manager in a company.	黛安娜是一家公司裡面的經理。
34	零售業管理	management	管理	He introduced better methods of management in this company.	他為本公司引進了更好的管理方法
35	零售業管理	total quality management(TQM)	全面品質管理	Building a Culture of Continuous Improvement is the basic requirement for implementing TQM.	建構公司有不斷改善的文化是實施全面品質管理的基本要求
36	零售業管理	customer relationship management(CRM)	顧客關係管理	Datamining is a very effective tool to deal with the problem of CRM.	資料探勘的技術用來處理顧客關係管理的問題是很有效的
37	零售業管理	management accounting	管理會計	The branch of accounting that focuses on information for internal decision makers of a business is called management accounting.	會計資訊中,主要以提供內部使用者資訊的,稱為管理會計.
38	零售業管理	conflict management	衝突管理	The use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict.	衝突管理是運用衝突解決與刺激的技巧，以便管理者控制衝突水準。
39	零售業管理	knowledge management	知識管理	Knowledge management is about finding, unlocking, sharing, and altogether capitalizing on people's expertise, skills, wisdom, and relationships.	是發掘、解除、分享與聚集所有人的專業、技能、智慧與關係。
40	零售業管理	liability management	負債管理	The bank manager must reduce the cost of required money for the liability management.	銀行管理階層應盡可能在取得資金方面上降低成本
41	零售業管理	project management	專案管理	Project management is a critical part of systems development.	項目管理是系統開發的一個重要部分。
42	零售業管理	management information systems	管理資訊系統	Management information systems are most commonly encountered at the management level of an organization.	管理信息系統共同地遇到在組織的管理級別。
43	零售業管理	workflow management	工作流程管理	The workflow course is focused on modeling workflow processes and the characteristics of contemporary workflow management.	工作流程課程關於仿製工作流程程序和當代工作流程管理的特性是焦點。
44	零售業管理	segment	區段	A segment of handwriting is a piece of the pen-tip trajectory between two defined segmentation points.	筆跡的一個段落是兩種定義的分割點之間的一片鋼筆尖端彈道。
45	零售業管理	position	定位	A company must decide how it will differentiate and position itself.	公司應決定如何差異化並定位自己
46	零售業管理	purchase frequency	購買頻率	Promotions are often designed to increase purchase frequency.	促銷經常被用來增進購買頻率
47	零售業管理	purchasing power parity	購買力平價	Purchasing Power Parity states that, ignoring transportation costs, tax differentials, and trade restrictions, traded homogeneous goods and services should have the same price in two countries after converting their prices into a common currency.	購買力平價的主要內容是在不考慮運輸費用、稅負差異以及貿易限制下，兩國間同質產品以相同貨幣衡量的價格應該一致。
48	零售業管理	export subsidy	出口補貼	The export subsidy has been the subject of a great deal of discussion in recent years.	出口補貼在最近幾年已成為大量討論的主題
49	零售業管理	export	出口	For Taiwan, China is the largest export market in the world.	對台灣而言,美國是全球最大出口市場。
50	零售業管理	import	進口	Imports are goods and services produced abroad and sold domestically.	進口是外國產品或勞務到本國銷售
51	零售業管理	import quotas	進口配額	An import quota specifies the maximum amount of a good that can be imported into a country.	進口配額設定了某一貨物引進該國市場的上限
52	零售業管理	import substitution	進口替代	Import substitution policy emphasizes the production of goods at home that would otherwise be imported.	進口替代政策強調以本國產品取代進口品
53	零售業管理	reference group	參考團體	Consumers often believe that reference groups have better information than the information that they themselves have.	消費者總是相信參考團體有比自己更加的資訊
54	零售業管理	intranet	企業內部網路	An Intranet is a private computer network.	企業內部網路為一封閉型網路
55	零售業管理	cabinet	櫥櫃	A cabinet is suitable for storing the furniture forms of various kinds of articles.	可供儲放各種物品的傢俱形式。
56	零售業管理	internet	網際網路	The world's largest and most widely used network is the Internet.	全世界最大且最廣為使用的網路是網際網路
57	零售業管理	local area network	區域網路	A local area network is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like an office, or group of buildings.	區域網路是指覆蓋局部區域, 如辦公室或大樓的電腦網路。
58	零售業管理	wireless network	無線網路	Wireless network connections use radio to transmit packets of data without the need for physical cables.	無線網路連接使用收音機傳輸沒有對身體的電纜需要的資料的小包。
59	零售業管理	transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)	傳輸控制協定/ 網際網路協定	Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the suite of communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet.	短為傳輸控制記錄／網際網路記錄，溝通記錄的隨員被用於的連接主人在互聯網。
60	零售業管理	internet information services	(網路)網際網路服務IIS	If you want to provide an Internet service, you should start with the Internet Information Services first.	如果你想要提供一個Intenet 服務，你應該首先開始網際網路資料服務。
61	零售業管理	extranet	企業外部網路	An extranet is an intranet with extensions that allow clearly identified customers or top suppliers to reach and access company-related technical educational information.	一個企業外部網路用被識別消費者或者高層供應者到達而且取得與公司相關的技術上的教育資料的清楚地允許的延長是一個內部網路。
62	零售業管理	distribution	分配	The binomial distribution can be used whenever we are able to calculate the necessary binomial probabilities.	我們可以使用二項式分配來計算二項式機率
63	零售業管理	distributors	通路商	Outside the firm, the company may deal with distributors, retailers, and others.	於公司外部, 公司必須處理通路商, 零售商, 等等
64	零售業管理	demand for domestic goods	國內需求	The demand for domestic goods is from people,firms,and governments.	國內需求來自於社會大眾,企業,政府
65	零售業管理	demand	需求	If you demand something, that means you want it and you can afford it.	需求代表你想要而且有能力購買的意思
66	零售業管理	elasticity of demand	需求彈性	The elasticity of demand for normal goods is negative.	正常財的需求彈性通常是負的
67	零售業管理	supply	供給	The money supply is controlled by the Central Bank.	貨幣供給由中央銀行所控制
68	零售業管理	advertisement	廣告	The advertisement made me want to buy the car.	這廣告使我很想要買這部車
69	零售業管理	advertising	廣告	The magazine contains a great deal of advertising.	這本雜誌裡有大量廣告。
70	零售業管理	advanced planning system (APS)	先進規劃系統	Advanced planning systems (APS) provide decision support by using operational data to analyze material flows throughout the supply chain.	先進規劃系統利用作業資料，分析供應鏈內的物料流，提供決策支援。
71	零售業管理	enterprise resource planning (ERP)	企業資源規劃	Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have become very important in modern business operations.	在現代化的企業運作裡，企業資源規劃系統已經變成非常重要的一環。
72	零售業管理	data	數據	They use a computer system to organize their data.	他們利用一個電腦系統整理數據。
73	零售業管理	database	資料庫	This database consists of 1000 observations in a business situation.	這個資料庫包含1000個觀察值在商業的情境下
74	零售業管理	data analysis	資料分析	Multiple regression analysis is one kind of data analysis method.	多元迴歸分析是一種資料分析方法
75	零售業管理	data mining	資料探勘	Data mining is the search for relationships and data patterns in large databases.	資料探勘是在大型資料庫中進行關係與資料模式之研究
76	零售業管理	cost of goods sold	銷貨成本	The cost of the inventory that the business has sold to customers is called cost of goods sold (COGS).	企業銷售商品給顧客之成本,稱為銷貨成本.
77	零售業管理	sunk cost	沉沒成本	Past costs that are unavoidable because they cannot be changed no matter what action is taken are called sunk costs.	無法因決策而改變的過去成本,稱為沉沒成本.
78	零售業管理	opportunity cost	機會成本	The benefit forgone by not choosing an alternative course of action is called an opportunity cost.	選擇某ㄧ方案而放棄其他方案之利益,稱為機會成本.
79	零售業管理	cost of carry	持有成本	The relationship between futures prices and spot prices can be summarized in terms of the cost of carry.	現貨價格和期貨價格的關係可用持有成本一詞來總結
80	零售業管理	marginal cost	邊際成本	When marginal cost equals marginal revenue is the condition to find equilibrium price.	市場均衡價格的條件是邊際成本等於邊際收益
81	零售業管理	quality	品質	Customers now demand high quality and value and will accept nothing less.	顧客現在都要求高品質與價值，而且不接收低品質的。
82	零售業管理	equality	平等	Equality is guaranteed by the Constitution.	憲法保障平等。
83	零售業管理	quality assurance	品保	This page used to be the home page for the Quality Assurance activity at W3C.	這頁曾經是主頁為品質管制活動在W3C
84	零售業管理	project	企劃，計畫	The project building area is a polygon defined by the exterior faces of walls.	規劃建築面積需要多邊行定義外牆之圍塑
85	零售業管理	senior project	畢業專題	We have to meet our advisor to discuss the senior project.	我們必須和指導老師見面討論畢業專題。
86	零售業管理	financial leverage	財務槓桿	Financial leverage is the degree to which an investor or business is utilizing borrowed money.	財務槓桿是投資者或公司使用借貸能力的程度
87	零售業管理	financial forecasting	財務預測	Researchers make financial forecasting by estimating future trends through examining and analyzing available information.	研究員利用估計未來趨勢以及檢視分析既有的資訊來作財務預測
88	零售業管理	financial accounting	財務會計	The branch of accounting that focuses on information for internal decision makers of a business called financial accounting.	會計之分類中,主要以提供外部使用者資訊的,稱為財務會計.
89	零售業管理	financial statement	財務報表	Documents that report on a business in monetary amounts providing financial information is called the financial statement.	以貨幣金額報導企業財務資訊之文件,稱為財務報表.
90	零售業管理	financial services	金融服務業	The WTO supports the liberalization of financial services.	世界貿易組織支持金融服務業自由化
91	零售業管理	accounts payable	應付帳款	A liability backed by the general reputation and credit standing of the debtor.	因進貨所發生未來須償還之債務稱為應付帳款.
92	零售業管理	account receivable	應收帳款	A promise to receive cash from customers to whom the business has sold goods is called an account receivable.	企業因銷售行為所產生之債權稱為應收帳款.
93	零售業管理	income statement	損益表	The income statement measures performance of the company over some period of time, usually a quarter or a year.	損益表用來衡量公司在一段期間內的表現,通常唯一季或一年
94	零售業管理	statement of cash flows	現金流量表	Financial statements include the balance sheet, the income statement, the retained earnings statement, and the statement of cash flows.	財務報表包括資產負債表、損益表、保留盈餘表和現金流量表。
95	零售業管理	the statement of retained earnings	保留盈餘表	The statement of retained earnings reports all changes in retained earnings during the period, including prior adjustments (net of tax), net income or loss, and dividends declared.	保留盈餘表報導盈餘在會計期間的改變包括前期損益調整﹙稅後淨額﹚、本期淨利﹙損﹚、和宣告股利。
96	零售業管理	warrant	認購權證	A warrant is a type of option.	認購權證是一種選擇權。
97	零售業管理	warranty	保固	A warranty is a type of guarantee.	保固即保證
98	零售業管理	dependent variable	依變項	A dependent variable can be predicted or explained by other variables.	依變項能夠被其他變數所預測或解釋
99	零售業管理	independent variable	自變項	An independent variable is the presumed cause of any change in the dependent variable.	自變項為在依變項上之變動所假定的原因
100	零售業管理	variance	差異	The difference between the actual result and a budgeted amount is called variance.	實際結果與預算數字之差額,稱為差異.
101	零售業管理	cost volume profit analysis	成本數量利潤分析	What expresses the relationships among costs, volume, and profit is called cost volume profit analysis.	成本數量利潤分析,係分析成本數量與利潤間之關係.
102	零售業管理	profit	利潤	To maximize the profit is the goal of each business.	賺取最大利潤是每個企業的目標
103	零售業管理	profitability	利潤	The marketer must balance customer satisfaction levels with profitability.	行銷人員需平衡顧客滿意水準與利潤
104	零售業管理	product	產品	I like your products.	我喜歡你的產品
105	零售業管理	production	生產	We have 10 production lines.	我們有十條生產線
106	零售業管理	gross margin method	毛利法	The gross margin method is generally unacceptable for external financial reporting.	編製財務報表時通常不採毛利率法。
107	零售業管理	expert	專家	An expert is someone who knows what he or she does not know and is the first one to tell you so.	一個專家是知道什麼他或者她不知道而且是第一的如此告訴你的某人。
108	零售業管理	expertise	專業知識	Most people realize that knowledge cannot be directly observed. What can be observed is the expertise that relies on knowledge to produce solutions.	大多數的人了解知識不能夠直接地被觀察。什麼能被觀察是仰賴知識生產解決方案的專長。
109	零售業管理	budget deficit	預算赤字	Can a budget deficit reduction lead to an output expansion as Ireland in the 1980s?	1980年代的愛爾蘭是否能透過預算赤字的降低來達成產出擴張的目的?
110	零售業管理	budget surplus	預算盈餘	The government runs a budget surplus.	政府有預算盈餘
111	零售業管理	capital budgeting	資本預算	The payback period was the first formal method used to evaluate capital budgeting projects.	回收期間是第一種正式評估資本預算計畫的方法。
112	零售業管理	floor space index Floor area ratio	容積率	The ratio of the total building floor area and the base area of the plot.	基地內建築物總樓地板面積與基地面積之比
113	零售業管理	area	面積	The area of rectangle is the length multiplied by the width.	長方形面積為長乘寬
114	零售業管理	petty cash fund	零用金	Petty cash funds are intended to handle many types of small payments.	零用金是用以處理各類小額零星支出。
115	零售業管理	estimating	估價	Cost estimating is one of the most important steps in project management.	工程估價是專案管理中重要執行階段。
116	零售業管理	CAPM	資本資產訂價模型	CAPM relates the expected rate of return for a security to its systematic risk.	資本資產訂價模型描述個股的期望報酬與系統性風險間的關係
117	零售業管理	market value measures	市場價值衡量	There are some useful market value measures such as EPS and Price-Earning Ratio.	有一些有用的市場價值衡量如每股營餘比與本益比等
118	零售業管理	first come, first served（FCFS）	先到先服務	First come, first served（FCFS）is the queue discipline.	等候線的紀律是顧客先到先服務
119	零售業管理	server	伺服器	The server can be used to make contact between workstations	伺服器可用來做工作站間的聯繫
120	零售業管理	observations	觀察值	The mean of a set of observations is their average, the sum of the observed values divided by the number of observations	一組觀察值平均值表示所觀察數值之加總除以觀察數目
121	零售業管理	service	服務	The mayor gave many years of service to the city.	這個市長在這城市服務了很多年。
122	零售業管理	book value	帳面價值	The asset's cost minus accumulated depreciation.	將資產成本減累計折舊稱為帳面價值.
123	零售業管理	building coverage ratio	建蔽率	Compare together the base and the maximum floor projection area (i.e. floor space) to find the proportion of the base area.	一塊建築基地內，其建築物之最大水平投影面積(即建築面積)占基地面積之比例
124	零售業管理	intellectual property	智慧財產	Intellectual property is an idea, a design, etc. that sb has created and that the law prevents other people from copying.	智慧財產權是一個想法,一個設計,那sb創造了，並且法律能防止其他人複製
125	零售業管理	artificial intelligence (AI)	人工智慧	Data mining involves the application of statistics and artificial intelligence.	資料探勘應用統計與人工智慧。
126	零售業管理	differentiation strategy	差異化策略	With differentiation strategy, the unique attributes and characteristics of a firm's products provide value to customers.	在差異化策略下，企業提供給顧客的價值是產品獨特的屬性與特質。
127	零售業管理	current account	經常帳	The current account measures the flow of goods, services, and income across national borders.	經常帳測度跨國間商品、服務與所得的交易流量。
128	零售業管理	differentiate	差異化	A company must decide how it will differentiate and position itself.	公司應決定如何差異化並定位自己
129	零售業管理	time value of money	錢的時間價值	Time value of money means that a dollar now is worth more than a dollar in the future.	錢的時間價值意指一塊錢在未來值將不只僅有一塊錢
130	零售業管理	check deposits	支票存款	The categories of deposits include check deposits, demand deposits and time deposits and so on.	存款的種類包含支票存款, 活期存款, 定期存款等等
131	零售業管理	initial public offerings (IPOs)	初次公開發行	The company will sell stocks to the investing public for the first time.	公司初次對投資大眾發行股票
132	零售業管理	negotiable certificate of deposit	可轉讓定存單	A negotiable certificate of deposit enables money center banks to acquire funds quickly	銀行?充裕資金來源所發行的一種可轉讓存款憑證
133	零售業管理	alliance	聯盟	Many companies form strategic alliances and joint ventures with foreign companies to build global networks.	許多公司與外國企業形成策略聯盟或合資企業, 以建立全球網絡
134	零售業管理	intangible assets	無形資產	Intangible assets are long-lived assets that lack physical substance, so they are distinguished from tangible assets.	無形資產係缺乏實體之長期資產。
135	零售業管理	tangible resource	有形資源	Tangible resources are assets that can be seen and quantified.	有形資源是指可見與可以量化的資產。
136	零售業管理	situation	形勢;情況;局面	The economic situation is now different.	現在經濟形勢不同了。
137	零售業管理	signature	簽名	Petitions bearing nearly a half-million signatures were sent to the White House.	有將近五十萬人簽名的請願書被送到白宮。
138	零售業管理	prototype	原型	This product is just a prototype and will be modified soon.	這只是一個即將被改良的原型產品。
139	零售業管理	stereotype	刻板印象	A short discussion of how stereotypes are used in war movies will be on Friday.	禮拜五有一場關於戰爭電影如何運用刻板印象來呈現的小型討論會
140	零售業管理	logo or or logogram or logotype	象徵圖案	What is the significance of the Olympic logo?	?林匹克標誌代表什麼？
141	零售業管理	type	種類	The farmer has developed a new type of tomato.	農夫已經開發出番茄的新品種。
142	零售業管理	controller	控制器	Please push ON for the B button of the controller.	請把控制器的B按鍵打開(ON)。
143	零售業管理	connection	連接	The connection of our telephone took several hours.	我們用了好幾個小時才接通了電話
144	零售業管理	contact	接觸	Clamps should always contact the work at its most rigid point.	夾緊件應該與工件最鋼硬的點接觸。
145	零售業管理	construction	施工	The construction is on the way.	施工正在進行中
146	零售業管理	conversion	轉換	Conversion between datums involves transformation and computation of geographic coordinates.	大地基準間的轉換包含變換和計算大地座標
147	零售業管理	contractor	承包商	The flooring and landscaping will be done by contractors.	地板和環境美化工作將由承包商完成。
148	零售業管理	contract	合約	The owner must decide what type of contract to use.	業主必須決定使用什麼樣的合約形式。
149	零售業管理	lump sum contract	總價合約	In a lump sum contract, the contractor agrees to provide a specified amount of work for a specific sum.	在一個總價合約中，承包商同意提供一明確總價完成指定的相當數量工作。
150	零售業管理	content	內容	Digital contents are a popular occupation in Korea.	數位內容在韓國是很受歡迎的行業。
151	零售業管理	Conduction	傳導	Heat transfer by conduction is particularly important with metals due to their high thermal conductivity.	對金屬而言藉由傳導方式進行熱傳遞是非常重要的,因他們具高的熱傳導係數
152	零售業管理	process control	程序控制	Automatic process control is concerned with maintaining process variables at some desired operating values.	程序控制的目的是維持程序變數在某個渴望的操作值
153	零售業管理	controlled variable	受控變數	The controlled variable is the variable that must be controlled at some desired value.	受控變數指希望被控制在某個意慾值的變數
154	零售業管理	feedback control	回饋控制	The advantage of feedback control is that it is a very simple technique that compensates for all disturbances.	回饋控制的優點為它是一種可以補償所有擾動的簡單技術
155	零售業管理	forward control	前饋控制	The objective of forward control is to measure disturbances and compensate for them before the controlled variable deviate from set point.	前饋控制的目的是在受控變數偏離設定點前,擾動即被量測出並完成補償
156	零售業管理	contamination	污染	Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use.	不預期的生物、生命物質或其他有機、無機物質出現在系統中。例如汽油、化合物或路鹽進到地下水使地下水污染。
157	零售業管理	control chart	管制圖	The control charts are generally used in the process control.	製程管制常常用到管制圖
158	零售業管理	bank reconciliations	銀行調節表	Bank reconciliations and petty cash funds are cash control and management tools.	銀行調節表和零用金是現金控制和管理之工具。
159	零售業管理	economic value added (EVA)	經濟附加價值	Positive EVA means capital is being used to create wealth.	公司有正的EVA表示公司的財富增加了
160	零售業管理	contribution margin	邊際貢獻	Total revenues minus total variable costs is called the contribution margin.	收入減去變動成本,稱為邊際貢獻.
161	零售業管理	conversion cost	加工成本	A manufacturing cost other than direct material is called the conversion cost.	除了直接材料以外之製造成本,稱為加工成本.
162	零售業管理	consumer behavior	消費者	The study of consumer behavior includes focusing on relationships between what people think and do.	消費者行為主要是探討人們思考和行為之間的關係
163	零售業管理	conflict management	衝突管理	The use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict.	衝突管理是運用衝突解決與刺激的技巧，以便管理者控制衝突水準。
164	零售業管理	American Production Inventory Control Society (APICS)	美國生產庫存管控學會	The American Production Inventory Control Society (APICS) defines ERP as a method for effective planning and control of all resources needed to take, make, ship, and account for customer orders.	美國生產庫存管控學會定義，ERP是一種方法能有效規劃與管控所有企業資源，用於製造、運送與計價等以滿足顧客訂單。
165	零售業管理	air conditioner	空調	An air conditioner is an appliance, system, or mechanism designed to extract heat from an area using a refrigeration cycle.	空調是ㄧ種設備統或機器設計使用冷凍系統為了將區域內之熱移除
166	零售業管理	configuration	配置	He is selecting one of the in-the-making configurations displayed.	選擇一個製造中配置的陳列物件
167	零售業管理	confidence	信賴	The confidence interval for the population means when the population standard deviation is known.	當母體標準差已知時信賴區間為母體平均數
168	零售業管理	convertibility	可兌換性	Convertibility is the ability to freely exchange a currency for a commodity or another currency at a given rate of exchange.	可兌換性指的是將通貨以一固定比率兌換成商品或其他貨幣的能力。
169	零售業管理	conform	符合	Every student is required to conform his behavior to the rules.	每個學生都必須遵守校規
170	零售業管理	concise	簡潔的	His comment was concise and to the point.	他的評論簡潔中肯。
171	零售業管理	contrast	對比	A painting might have bright colors which contrast with dark colors	繪畫有暗色與明亮顏色的對比
172	零售業管理	icon	圖像,圖示	An icon is an image, picture, or representation.	像是圖像、圖片
173	零售業管理	inconsistency	不一致	There is some inconsistency between the witnesses' evidence and their earlier statements.	有某一不一致在證人(witnesses)的證據和他們更加早期的聲明之間。
174	零售業管理	conclude	結束	We concluded our meeting at 9 o'clock.	我們在9 點鐘總結我們的會議。
175	零售業管理	condition	條件	Hard work is a condition of success.	堅苦的工作是成功的一個條件。
176	零售業管理	constant	常數,衡量	The speed of light is an important constant.	光速是一個重要的常數。
177	零售業管理	offset	補償;抵銷	The pay raise will be offset by inflation.	增加的工資會被通貨膨脹所抵銷。
178	零售業管理	developing countries	開發中國家	Developing countries want to improve their economic development.	開發中國家要改善他們的經濟發展
179	零售業管理	International Monetary Fund	國際貨幣基金	The International Monetary Fund (I.M.F) had 30 original member countries in 1945.	國際貨幣基金成立於1945年原始會員有30國家
180	零售業管理	treasury bond	政府公債	Suppose you open the Wall Street Journal and see that 30-year Treasury bonds are yielding 8.5 percent.	假設你打開華爾街日報，看見30年期的公債利率為8.5%。
181	零售業管理	domestic	國內的	The meeting concerns both foreign and domestic policies.	會議關係到國內外政策。
182	零售業管理	industrialized countries	工業化國家	Industrialized countries are consuming 70% of the world's energy.	工業化國家消耗著世界能源的百分之七十
183	零售業管理	balance-of-payments	國際收支	The balance of payments system consists of a number of different accounts.	國際收支系統由數個不同的帳戶所構成。
184	零售業管理	DDP	輸入國稅訖交貨條件	We offer to sell T-shirts, 1000 dozen, US$130.00 per dozen, DDP Baltimore with delivery during August.	T-shirt1000打, 每打美金130元,目的地巴爾迪摩稅迄交貨條件, 8月運交
185	零售業管理	DDU	輸入國稅前交貨條件	We offer to sell T-shirts, 1000 dozen, US$124.00 per dozen, DDU Baltimore, delivery during August.	T-shirt1000打, 每打美金124元,目的地巴爾迪摩稅前交貨條件, 8月運交
186	零售業管理	developed countries	已開發國家	United States is one of the developed countries in the world.	美國是世界已開發國家之一
187	零售業管理	organizational culture	組織文化	Organizational culture is a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations.	組織文化是成員共同抱持的意義體系，且藉以區別本組織與其他組織不一樣
188	零售業管理	culture	文化	We define a society's culture as frameworks for action.	社會文化是行為的框架
189	零售業管理	culture creative property	文化創意產業	Accumulated creativity and culture that produces valued intellectual property.	源自創意或文化積累，透過智慧財產的形成與運用，具有創造財富與就業機會潛力
190	零售業管理	route	動線	Describes the movers path to their goal close or the far away, is called the route.	描述行動者(步行或乘具輸送)接近或遠離建築或基地, 以及在建築或基地內的行為活動路線
191	零售業管理	task	任務	A predecessor relationship implies that one task must come before another in the schedule.	排程中的先行關係是指一個任務必須在另一個之前執行。
192	零售業管理	asset turnover rate	資產週轉率	Asset turnover equals net sales divided by total assets.	資產週轉率相當於淨資產除以淨銷售
193	零售業管理	treasury stock	庫藏股票	Treasury stock is accounted for either by the cost method or by the par value method.	庫藏股票會計處理分為成本法與面額法兩種。
194	零售業管理	asset	資產	An economic resource that is expected to be of benefit in the future is called an asset.	未來能帶來利益之經濟資源,稱為資產.
195	零售業管理	cash cow business	金牛事業	Cash cow businesses generate substantial surplus over what is needed for reinvestment and growth. They have relatively high market share and an industry leadership position.	金牛指能產生相當多盈餘的事業，盈餘超過其再投資與成長所需。這些事業相對市場佔有率高，居產業中的領導地位。
196	零售業管理	asymmetric information	資訊不對稱	Moral hazard is the problem created by asymmetric information after the transaction occurs.	在交易的過程中,資訊不對稱將導致道德風險
197	零售業管理	mass communication	大眾傳播	New media technologies in all these areas have important implications for journalism and mass communication education.	新的媒體技術在這整個新聞工作及大眾傳播教育領域裡有重要的含意
198	零售業管理	fashion	流行	Carrie doesn't like the current fasion of short skirts and high heels.	凱力不喜歡當前的短裙與高跟鞋熱潮
199	零售業管理	multicast	多點傳播	To send messages to multiple tasks.	把消息送到多項任務。
200	零售業管理	unicast	單點傳播	Even though multiple users might request the same data from the same server at the same time, duplicate data streams are transmitted, one to each user.	即使多重的使用者可以同時從同樣的伺服器要求相同的數據，完全相同的資料流程被傳輸，每一使用者的一個。

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