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44 According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? 
Vehicles with dark colors have higher crash risk during daylight hours. 
Vehicles with light colors have higher crash risk during daylight hours. 
Vehicles with dark colors have lower crash risk during daylight hours. 
Vehicles with light colors have more severe crashes during daylight hours. 
45 Which of the following correlative factors has NOT been proven to be significant? 
Vehicle color and environmental factors  Vehicle color and crash risk 
Vehicle color and time of the day  Vehicle color and crash severity 
請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題: 
One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily 
changes  in  their  behavior  and/or  physiology.  These  daily  rhythms  are  not  simply  a  response  to  the  24-hour 
changes  in  the  physical  environment  imposed  by  the  earth  turning  on  its  axis  but,  instead,  arise  from  a 
timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to 
anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby 
ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day. 
The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s 
well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the 
individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad 
daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the 
internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift 
work, and the accompanying sleep loss. 
The  mechanisms  underlying  the  biological  timekeeping  systems  and  the  potential  consequences  of their 
failure  are  among  the  issues  addressed  by  researchers  in  the  field  of  chronobiology.  Although  no  single 
experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology, 
studies  conducted  in  the  1950s  on  circadian  rhythmicity  in  fruit  flies  and  in  humans  can  be  considered  its 
foundation.  The  area  of  sleep  research,  which  also  is  subsumed  under  the  field  of  chronobiology,  evolved 
somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time. 
46 What is the best topic of this passage? 
The Foundation of Chronobiology.  The Feature of Life Cycle. 
The Internal and External Environments.  The Overview of Biological Mechanism. 
47 What does the word “subsumed” mean in the last paragraph? 
Included  Reduced  Downsized  Underestimated 
48 Which of the following is the result of an asynchrony of an organism with its internal environment? 
Daily leaf movements of a plant exposed to sunlight. 
Nocturnal animals having a sound sleep during daylight. 
People experiencing difficulty falling asleep at night. 
People feeling shocked when witnessing a car accident in the daytime. 
49 Which of the following is considered an external environment? 
An office setting.    A meditative activity. 
A biological timekeeping system.  A desire to change one’s behavior. 
50 According to this passage, which of the following statements is true? 
Chronobiology began with the studies on circadian rhythm in fruit flies and humans. 
All species simply respond to the cycle of day and night. 
All species have an internal clock that is crucial for their survival. 
Jet lag is a failure of a biological timekeeping mechanism.