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44 According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
Vehicles with dark colors have higher crash risk during daylight hours.
Vehicles with light colors have higher crash risk during daylight hours.
Vehicles with dark colors have lower crash risk during daylight hours.
Vehicles with light colors have more severe crashes during daylight hours.
45 Which of the following correlative factors has NOT been proven to be significant?
Vehicle color and environmental factors Vehicle color and crash risk
Vehicle color and time of the day Vehicle color and crash severity
請依下文回答第 46 題至第 50 題:
One of the most dramatic features of the world is the cycle of day and night. Almost all species exhibit daily
changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simply a response to the 24-hour
changes in the physical environment imposed by the earth turning on its axis but, instead, arise from a
timekeeping system within the organism. This timekeeping system, or biological “clock,” allows the organism to
anticipate and prepare for the changes in the physical environment that are associated with day and night, thereby
ensuring that the organism will “do the right thing” at the right time of the day.
The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical to the organism’s
well-being and survival; a lack of synchrony between the organism and the external environment may lead to the
individual’s immediate demise. For example, if a nocturnal rodent were to venture from its burrow during broad
daylight, the rodent would be exceptionally easy prey for other animals. Similarly, a lack of synchrony within the
internal environment might lead to health problems in the individual, such as those associated with jet lag, shift
work, and the accompanying sleep loss.
The mechanisms underlying the biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of their
failure are among the issues addressed by researchers in the field of chronobiology. Although no single
experiment serves as the defining event from which to date the beginning of modern research in chronobiology,
studies conducted in the 1950s on circadian rhythmicity in fruit flies and in humans can be considered its
foundation. The area of sleep research, which also is subsumed under the field of chronobiology, evolved
somewhat independently, with the identification of various sleep stages around the same time.
46 What is the best topic of this passage?
The Foundation of Chronobiology. The Feature of Life Cycle.
The Internal and External Environments. The Overview of Biological Mechanism.
47 What does the word “subsumed” mean in the last paragraph?
Included Reduced Downsized Underestimated
48 Which of the following is the result of an asynchrony of an organism with its internal environment?
Daily leaf movements of a plant exposed to sunlight.
Nocturnal animals having a sound sleep during daylight.
People experiencing difficulty falling asleep at night.
People feeling shocked when witnessing a car accident in the daytime.
49 Which of the following is considered an external environment?
An office setting. A meditative activity.
A biological timekeeping system. A desire to change one’s behavior.
50 According to this passage, which of the following statements is true?
Chronobiology began with the studies on circadian rhythm in fruit flies and humans.
All species simply respond to the cycle of day and night.
All species have an internal clock that is crucial for their survival.
Jet lag is a failure of a biological timekeeping mechanism.